Project description:VAAM stands for an amino acid mixture simulating the composition of Vespa, a hornet larval saliva. We conducted a comparative study on metabolism-regulatory roles of VAAM, casein-simulating amino acid mixture (CAAM), and pure water on murine hepatic and adipose tissue transcriptomes. Mice were orally fed VAAM solution ( 0.675 g/ kg BW = 2% of food-derived amino acids = 0.38% of total food energy/ day), CAAM solution ( 0.675 g / kg BW/ day) or water under ad libitum for five days. Hepatic transcriptome comparison of VAAM, CAAM and water-treated groups revealed a VAAM-specific regulation of the metabolic pathway, i.e., the down-regulation of glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, and up-regulation of poly unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and glycogenic amino acids utilization in TCA cycle. Similar transcriptomic analysis of white and brown adipose tissues (WAT and BAT) suggested the up-regulation of phospholipid synthesis in WAT and the negative regulation of cellular processes in BAT. Because these coordinated regulations of tissue transcriptomes implicated the presence of upstream signaling common to these tissues, we conducted Ingenuity Pathways Analysis of these transcriptomes with the results that estrogenic and glucagon signals seemed to be activated in liver and WAT as well as beta-adrenergic signaling did in the three tissues by administration of VAAM. Our data provide a clue to understanding the role of VAAM in metabolic regulation of multiple tissues. Mice were divided randomly into three groups, VAAM, CAAM or water administered group. VAAM, CAAM or water was orally administrated five times once a day using feeding tube. The dosage of 1.8%VAAM, 1.8%CAAM or water was 37.5 microliter per gram of body weight. On day of last administration, food was removed and mice were moved to clean cages at 8:00. The last administrations started at 10:00. At 4 hours later after last administration, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation to collect blood, liver, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Small hepatic pieces were immersed into RNAlater. WAT and BAT were frozen immediately after extraction using liquid nitrogen. All samples were extracted total RNA and hybridized on Affymetrix microarrays.

Project description:Background: Brown and white adipose tissues (BAT and WAT) play critical roles in controlling energy homeostasis and in the development of obesity and diabetes. Fsp27 is expressed in both BAT and WAT and promotes lipid storage and the development of obesity and diabetes. In addition, Fsp27-deficient white adipocytes acquired certain BAT-like properties including reduced lipid droplet size and increased mitochondrial activity. Using microarray and semi-quantitative real-time PCR analyses, we systematically analyzed the gene expression profile in Fsp27-deficient WAT and BAT. Results: We observed that BAT-selective genes were significantly up-regulated, whereas WAT-selective genes were down-regulated in the WAT of Fsp27-/- mice. Expression levels of BAT-selective genes were also dramatically up-regulated in the WAT of leptin and Fsp27 double deficient mice. Furthermore, we observed that expression levels of genes in multiple metabolic pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, the TCA cycle and fatty acid synthesis and oxidation were increased in the Fsp27-/- WAT. In contrast, expression levels for extracellular matrix remodeling, the classic complement pathway and TGF-β signaling"were down-regulated in the WAT of Fsp27-/- mice. Most importantly, regulatory factors that determine BAT identity such as CEBPα/β, PRDM16 and major components in the cAMP pathway were markedly up-regulated in the WAT of Fsp27-/- mice. Interestingly, we observed distinct gene expression profiles in the BAT of Fsp27-/- mice. Conclusion: Our data suggest that Fsp27 acts at upstream to control gene expression of diverse pathways, in particular the expression of regulatory factors that determine the identity of BAT and WAT. Therefore, Fsp27 is an important molecular determinant for the identity of WAT, and loss of Fsp27 leads to the conversion of WAT to a BAT-like tissue. Total RNAs were extracted from individual gonadal WAT of five pairs of 3-month-old wild-type and Fsp27-null male mice. Equal amounts of RNA from five pairs of mice with each genotype were pooled to form RNA pools (total 45 μg). Duplicate experiments were carried out.

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Gene expression profiling of mice given orally a supplement with special amino acid composition of Vespa larval saliva origin (DW vs VAAM)

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