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Epigenetic reprogramming enables the primordial germ cell-to-gonocyte transition

ABSTRACT: Gametes are highly specialised cells that can give rise to the next generation through their ability to generate a totipotent zygote. In mouse, germ cells are first specified in the developing embryo as primordial germ cells (PGCs) starting around embryonic day (E) 6.25. Following subsequent migration into the developing gonad, PGCs undergo a wave of extensive epigenetic reprogramming at E10.5/E11.5, including genome-wide loss of 5-methylcytosine (5mC). The underlying molecular mechanisms of this process have remained enigmatic leading to our inability to recapitulate this step of germline development in vitro. Using an integrative approach, we show that this complex reprogramming process involves the coordinated interplay between promoter sequence characteristics, DNA (de)methylation, Polycomb (PRC1) complex and both DNA demethylation-dependent and -independent functions of Tet1 to enable the activation of a critical set of germline reprogramming responsive (GRR) genes involved in gamete generation and meiosis. Our results also unexpectedly reveal a role for Tet1 in safeguarding but not driving DNA demethylation in gonadal PGCs. Collectively, our work uncovers a fundamental biological role for gonadal germline reprogramming and identifies the epigenetic principles of the PGC-to-gonocyte transition that will be instructive towards recapitulating complete gametogenesis in vitro. This SuperSeries is composed of the SubSeries listed below.

ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus

PROVIDER: GSE76973 | GEO | 2018/03/07

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytsosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). 5fC/5caC can be excised and repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, implicating 5mC oxidation in active DNA demethylation. Genome-wide DNA methylation is erased in the transition from metastable states to ground state of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and in migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs), while some resistant regions become demethylated only in gonadal PGCs. Understanding the mechanisms underlying global hypomethylation in naïve ESCs and developing PGCs will be useful for realizing cellular pluripotency and totipotency. In this study, we found that PRDM14, the PR-domain-containing transcriptional regulator, accelerates the TET-BER cycle, resulting in the promotion of active DNA demethylation in ESCs. Induction of PRDM14 expression rapidly removed the 5mC associated with transient elevation of 5hmC at pluripotency-associated genes, germline-specific genes, and imprinted loci but not across the entire genome, which resemble second wave of DNA demethylation in gonadal PGCs. PRDM14 physically interacts with TET1/TET2 and enhances the recruitment of TET1/TET2 at target loci. Knockdown of Tet1/Tet2 impaired transcriptional regulation and DNA demethylation by PRDM14. The repression of the BER pathway by administration of pharmacological inhibitors against APE1 and PARP1 and the knockdown of thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG) also impaired DNA demethylation by PRDM14. Furthermore, DNA demethylation induced by PRDM14 normally takes place in the presence of aphidicolin, which is an inhibitor of G1/S progression. Together, our analysis provides mechanistic insight into DNA demethylation in naive pluripotent stem cells and developing PGCs. To investigate the function of TET1/TET2 in transcriptional regulation by PRDM14 in ESCs, we exploited microarray analysis using total mRNA derived from Scramble, Scramble + PRDM14, Tet1/Tet2 KD, Tet1/Tet2 KD + PRDM14 mouse ESC.

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Epigenetic reprogramming enables the primordial germ cell-to-gonocyte transition

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