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Gene expression analysis provides insight into the physiology of the important staple food crop cassava

ABSTRACT: Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the food security crop that feeds approximately 800 million people worldwide. Although this crop displays high productivity under drought and poor soil conditions, it is susceptible to disease, postharvest deterioration and the roots contain low nutritional content. Cassava improvement programs are focused on addressing these constraints but are hindered by the crop’s high heterozygosity, difficulty in synchronizing flowering, low seed production and a poor understanding of the physiology of this plant. Among the major food crops, cassava is unique in its ability to develop massive, underground storage roots. Despite the importance of these structures, their basic physiology remains largely unknown, especially the molecular genetic basis of storage root development. Similarly, in cassava, the favored target tissue for transgene integration and genome editing is a friable embryogenic callus (FEC). Little is known concerning gene expression in this tissue, or its relatedness to the somatic organized embryogenic structures (OES) from which it originates. Here, we provide molecular identities for eleven cassava tissue types through RNA sequencing and develop an open access, web-based interface for further interrogation of the data. Through this dataset, we report novel insight into the physiology of cassava and identify promoters able to drive specified tissue expression profiles. The information gained from this study is of value for both conventional and biotechnological improvement programs.

ORGANISM(S): Manihot esculenta

PROVIDER: GSE82279 | GEO | 2016/06/07

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA324539

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Friable embryogenic callus (FEC) has been considered as the most suitable materials for efficient genetic transformation of cassava. Due to heavy genotype dependence on FEC induction and being amenable to somaclonal variation, the production and maintaining of reliable FEC is a limitation factor for cassava genetic transformation. Identification of key elements involving in biological processes from somatic embryos (SEs) to the FEC at different stages will provide critical insights for FEC improvement. Cytological observation showed the dramatic change of subcellular structures among SEs, fresh FEC (FFEC) and old FEC (OFEC). Decrease of sucrose and increase of fructose and glucose were detected in OFEC. A total of 6871 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from SEs, FFEC and OFEC by RNA-seq. Analysis of the DEGs showed that FEC induction was accompanied by the process of dedifferentiation, whereas the epigenetics modification occurred during the continuous subculturing process. The cell structure was reconstructed, mainly including the GO terms of "cell periphery" and "external encapsulating structure"; in parallel, the internal mechanisms were changed correspondingly, including the metabolisms of process (glycolysis) and compounds(alanine, aspartate, and glutamate). The significant reduction of genomic DNA methylation in OFEC indicates altered gene expression via chromatin modification. These results indicate that the induction and long-term subculture of FEC is a complicated biological process involving changes of genome modification, gene expression and subcellular reconstruction. The findings will be useful for improving FEC induction and maintenance from farmer-preferred cassava cultivars that are recalcitrant to genetic transformation, hence improving cassava through genetic engineering. Two-week-old SEs cultured on GD, FFEC emerging from SEs, and 9-month-old OFEC were used for analysis. Each sample was mixtured from six indepedent replicates and were collected for RNA extraction respectively.

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Gene expression analysis provides insight into the physiology of the important staple food crop cassava

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