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Drosophila MSL complex selectively identifies active genes on the male X chromosome

ABSTRACT: X-chromosome dosage compensation in Drosophila requires the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex, which up-regulates gene expression from the single male X chromosome. Here, we define X-chromosome-specific MSL binding at high resolution in two male cell lines and in late-stage embryos. We find that the MSL complex is highly enriched over most expressed genes, with binding biased toward the 3' end of transcription units. The binding patterns are largely similar in the distinct cell types, with ~600 genes clearly bound in all three cases. Genes identified as clearly bound in one cell type and not in another indicate that attraction of MSL complex correlates with expression state. Thus, sequence alone is not sufficient to explain MSL targeting. We propose that the MSL complex recognizes most X-linked genes, but only in the context of chromatin factors or modifications indicative of active transcription. Distinguishing expressed genes from the bulk of the genome is likely to be an important function common to many chromatin organizing and modifying activities. Keywords: ChIP-chip

ORGANISM(S): Drosophila melanogaster

PROVIDER: GSE8575 | GEO | 2007/08/01

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA101721

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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MSL complex is attracted to genes marked by H3K36 trimethylation using a sequence-independent mechanism

2007-09-20 | GSE8557 | GEO

MSL complex is attracted to genes marked by H3K36 trimethylation using a sequence-independent mechanism

Project description:In Drosophila, X chromosome dosage compensation requires the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex, which associates with actively transcribed genes on the single male X chromosome to upregulate transcription approximately 2-fold. We found that on the male X chromosome, or when MSL complex is ectopically localized to an autosome, histone H3K36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) is a strong predictor of MSL binding. We isolated mutants lacking Set2, the H3K36me3 methyltransferase, and found that Set2 is an essential gene in both sexes of Drosophila. In set2 mutant males, MSL complex maintains X specificity but exhibits reduced binding to target genes. Furthermore, recombinant MSL3 protein preferentially binds nucleosomes marked by H3K36me3 in vitro. Our results support a model in which MSL complex uses high-affinity sites to initially recognize the X chromosome and then associates with many of its targets through sequence-independent features of transcribed genes. Keywords: ChIP-chip ChIP-chip experiments were performed on custom Nimblegen arrays (GPL5636). Each array contained 388,000 oligonucleotide probes covering all of the X and the 2L chromosomes, with a 100 bp resolution (50mer probes with 50 bp gaps). The design was based on FlyBase 3.2. For the superspreading experiments, an additional array was used that contains the entire X chromosome and 3R (GPL5660). MSL complex binding sites on both arrays are the same and signal on the 3R chromosome was at background level.

2007-09-20 | E-GEOD-8557 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Non-coding roX RNAs Prevent the Binding of the MSL-complex to Heterochromatic Regions

Project description:Long non-coding RNAs are involved in dosage compensation both in mammals and in Drosophila by inducing changes in the X-chromosome chromatin structure. In Drosophila melanogaster, roX1 and roX2 are long non-coding RNAs that together with proteins form the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex, which coats the entire male X-chromosome and mediates dosage compensation by increased transcriptional output. It has been shown that in polytene chromosomes, in absence of both roX1 and roX2, the MSL-complex is decreased on the male X-chromosome and found relocated to the chromocenter, and the 4th chromosome. Here we address the role of roX RNAs in MSL-complex targeting and in the evolution of dosage compensation in Drosophila. We performed ChIP-seq experiments and show that MSL-complex recruitment to high affinity sites (HAS) on the X-chromosome is independent on roX and that the HAS sequence motif is conserved in D. simulans. Additionally, a complete and enzymatically active MSL-complex is recruited to six specific genes on the 4th chromosome. Interestingly, our sequence analysis shows that in the absence of roX RNAs, the MSL-complex has affinity to regions enriched in Hoppel transposable elements and to repeats in general. We hypothesize that roX mutants reveal an ancient targeting of the MSL-complex and propose that the role of roX RNAs is to restrict MSL-complex from binding to heterochromatin.

2014-11-07 | GSE58768 | GEO

A sequence motif within chromatin entry sites directs MSL establishment on the Drosophila X chromosome

Project description:Dosage compensation serves as a model for understanding how chromatin-modification enzymes are targeted to initiate and maintain gene regulation. In Drosophila, the MSL complex associates with active genes specifically on the male X chromosome to acetylate histone H4 at lysine 16, and increase expression of most X-linked genes approximately two-fold. To date, no DNA sequence has been discovered to explain the specificity of MSL binding. We previously hypothesized that sequence-specific targeting occurs at initiation or “chromatin entry sites”, but binding to the majority of sites is sequence-independent. Here we characterize more than 150 potential entry sites by ChIP-chip and ChIP-seq and discover a common GA-rich MSL recognition element (MRE). The motif is only slightly enriched on the X chromosome (~2 fold), but this is doubled when considering its preferential location within or 3’ to active X-linked genes (>4 fold enrichment). When inserted on an autosome, a newly identified site can direct local MSL spreading to flanking active genes on the autosome. These results provide strong evidence for both sequence-dependent and -independent steps in MSL targeting of dosage compensation to the male X chromosome.

2008-08-22 | GSE11485 | GEO

Drosophila MSL complex globally acetylates H4 Lys16 on the male X chromosome for dosage compensation

2009-06-10 | GSE14884 | GEO

Chromatin immunoprecipitation of the MSL-1 and MSL-3 vs a mock IP in Drosophila and transcription profiling of X linked genes in WT male or female III instar larvae to provide X chromosome wide profiling of MSL-1 distribution and dosage compensation in Drosophila

Project description:Dosage compensation ensures that males and females, despite unequal number of X chromosomes, equalize for X linked gene expression. In Drosophila, it is achieved by a two-fold up-regulation of most of the genes present on the male X chromosome, and requires the association of the Dosage Compensation Complex (DCC) on the X chromosome. One of the main intriguing aspects of dosage compensation is how this complex is able to target specifically hundreds of sites only on the X chromosome in order to ensure dosage compensation. In order to better understand the targeting of the DCC and the dosage compensation mechanism, we have then decided to analyze the distribution of the DCC as well as the expression levels in male and female in a more complete and precise manner, using microarrays. In this experiment, we present the data used to analyse the distribution of the MSL-1 and MSL-3 protein (part of the DCC complex) on the X chromosome in WT embryos aged from 0H-14H, as well as the distribution of MSL-1 in embryos aged from 4-6H and in male III instar salivary glands. The DNA amplified from the specific immunoprecipitation (MSL-1 or MSL-3 IP) were labelled using Cy5-dCTP and hybridized against DNA amplified from a non specific immunoprecipitation (mock IP), labeled with Cy3 dye. In parralel we present the data used to analyse the expression profile of X-linked genes in WT male or female III instar larvae salivary glands. The cDNA amplified from the RNA extracted from the male or female salivary glands were labelled using Cy5-dUTP and hybridized against the reference sample, labelled with Cy3-dUTP (pool RNA from ON embryos, adultes, and salivary glands mixed at a ratio 1:1:1.and amplified as the RNA from salivary glands). We used for this study a cDNA array developed by the Genecore facility in EMBL, covering the DGC1 and DGC2 cDNA libraries from the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, which represents more than 70% of the coding Drosophila genome.

2006-04-01 | E-MEXP-554 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Drosophila MSL complex globally acetylates H4 Lys16 on the male X chromosome for dosage compensation

Project description:Drosophila MSL complex binds the single male X chromosome to upregulate gene expression to equal that from the two female X chromosomes. However, it has been puzzling that ~25% of transcribed genes on the X do not stably recruit MSL complex. Here, we find that almost all active genes on the X are associated with robust H4 Lys16 acetylation (H4K16ac), the histone modification catalyzed by MSL complex. The distribution of H4K16ac is much broader than that of MSL complex, and our results favor the idea that chromosome-wide H4K16ac reflects transient association of MSL complex, occurring through spreading or chromosomal looping. Our results parallel those of localized Polycomb repressive complex and its more broadly distributed H3K27me3 chromatin mark, suggesting a common principle for the establishment of active and silenced chromatin domains For ChIP-on-chip experiments in larvae, 1000 third instar larvae were collected and chromatin was prepared as described previously. Five IPs were performed for each of the two biological replicates. For SL2 cells and male larvae, one ChIP-on-chip experiment was performed using anti-H4K16ac from Serotec (AHP417) (1-2 ul/IP). However, this antibody was discontinued, and an additional experiment for each was performed using anti-H4K16ac from Upstate/Millipore (07-329) (3 ul/IP). Both replicates for Kc cells and female larvae were also performed using anti-H4K16ac from Upstate/Millipore. Replicate experiments were highly reproducible.

2009-06-10 | E-GEOD-14884 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Genome-wide profiling of RNA associated to the MSL-complex in Drosophila melanogaster

Project description:In Drosophila, the global increase in transcription from the X chromosome in males to compensate for its monosomy is mediated by the male-specific-lethal complex (MSL-C) consisting of five proteins and two non-coding RNAs, roX1 and roX2. After an initial sequence dependent recognition by the MSL-C of 150-300 high affinity sites, the spreading to the majority of the X-linked genes depends on local MSL-C concentration and active transcription. Here we ask whether any additional RNA species are associated to the MSL-C. No additional roX were found but a strong association was found between the msl2 mRNA and the MSL-C. Based on our results we propose a model in which a non-chromatin associated partial or complete MSL-C titrates newly transcribed msl2 mRNA and thus feed-back regulates the amount of available MSL-C.

2011-04-13 | GSE20249 | GEO

Genome-wide profiling of RNA associated to the MSL-complex in Drosophila melanogaster

2011-04-13 | E-GEOD-20249 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Sequence variation within similar cis-elements promotes context-specific functions of two Drosophila GA-binding transcription factors (ChIP-seq data set)

Project description:A key model for understanding how large transcription complexes are targeted is the Drosophila dosage compensation system in which the Male-Specific Lethal (MSL) transcription complex specifically identifies and regulates the male X-chromosome. MSL complex is targeted to GA-containing sequences, but the most well-studied GA-binding transcription factor, GAGA Associated Factor (GAF), does not physically associate with MSL complex. Instead the Chromatin Linked Adapter for MSL Proteins (CLAMP) zinc-finger protein specifically targets MSL complex to GA-rich sequences on the X-chromosome. Here, we compare the binding relationships of CLAMP, GAF, and the MSL3 dosage compensation complex protein using ChIP-seq.

2018-02-01 | GSE107059 | GEO

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