Project description:Upregulation of Expression of the Ubiquitin Carboxyl Terminal Hydrolase L1 Gene in Human Airway Epithelium of Cigarette Smokers The microarray data deposited here is from 39 HG-U133 Plus 2.0 GeneChips, from 12 normal non-smokers, 12 phenotypic normal smokers, 9 Early COPD and 6 COPD individuals, all small airways, all small airway. A subset of these samples have been already submitted under GEO Accession Number GSE 4498. These are: 12 non-smokers samples (GSM101095-GSM101106) and 10 smoker samples (GSM101107-GSM101116). These 22 samples that are also in GSE4498 were described in Harvey, B-G; Heguy, A.; Leopold, P.L.; Carolan, B.; Ferris, B. and Crystal R.G. Modification of Gene Expression of the Small Airway Epithelium in Response to Cigarette Smoking. J. Mol. Med (in press). These data are part of a study aimed at understanding how cigarette smoking modifies neuroendocrine cells, in which microarray analysis with TaqMan confirmation was used to assess airway epithelial samples obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy from 81 individuals (normal nonsmokers, normal smokers, smokers with early COPD and smokers with established COPD). Of 11 genes considered to be neuroendocrine cell-specific, only ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1(UCHL1), a member of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, was consistently upregulated in smokers compared to nonsmokers. Up-regulation of UCHL1 at the protein level was observed with immunohistochemistry of bronchial biopsies of smokers compared to nonsmokers. Interestingly, however, while UCHL1 expression was present only in neuroendocrine cells of the airway epithelium in nonsmokers, UCHL1 expression was also expressed in ciliated epithelial cells in smokers, an intriguing observation in light of recent observations that ciliated cells can are capable of transdifferentiating to other airway epithelium. In the context that UCHL1 is involved in the degradation of unwanted, misfolded or damaged proteins within the cell and is overexpressed in >50% of lung cancers, its overexpression in chronic smokers may represent an early event in the complex transformation from normal epithelium to overt malignancy. Keywords: non-smokers vs phenotypic normal smokers, smokers with early COPD, and smokers with COPD

Project description:Lectins are proteins present on cell surfaces or as shed extracellular proteins that function in innate immune defense as phagocytic receptors to recognize specific bacterial cell wall components. Based on the knowledge that cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of bacterial infection, we hypothesized that cigarette smoking may modulate the expression of lectin genes in the airway epithelium. Affymetrix HG U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays were used to survey expression of lectin genes in large (3rd to 4th order bronchi) airway epithelium from 9 normal nonsmokers and 20 phenotypic normal smokers and small (10th to 12th order bronchi) airway epithelium from 13 normal nonsmokers and 20 phenotypic normal smokers. From the 72 lectin genes that were surveyed, there were no changes (>2-fold change, p<0.05) in gene expression in either large or small airway epithelium among normal smokers compared to nonsmokers except for a striking down regulation in both large and small airway epithelium of normal smokers of intelectin 1, a recently described lectin that participates in the innate immune response by recognizing and binding to galactofuranosyl residues in the cell walls of bacteria (large airway epithelium, p<0.003; small airway epithelium, p<0.002). TaqMan RT-PCR confirmed the observation that intelectin 1 was down-regulated in both large (p<0.05) and small airway epithelium (p<0.02) of normal smokers compared to normal nonsmokers. Immunohistochemistry assessment of biopsies of the large airway epithelium of normal nonsmokers demonstrated intelectin 1 was expressed in secretory cells, with qualitatively decreased expression in biopsies from normal smokers. Western analysis confirmed the decreased expression of intelectin 1 in airway epithelium of normal smokers compared to normal nonsmokers (p<0.02). Finally, compared to normal nonsmokers, intelectin 1 expression was decreased in small airway epithelium of smokers with early COPD (n= 13, p<0.001) and smokers with established COPD (n= 14, p<0.001), in a fashion similar to that of normal smokers. In the context that intelectin 1 is an epithelial molecule that likely plays a role in defense against bacteria, the down regulation of expression of intelectin 1 in response to cigarette smoking may contribute to the increase in susceptibility to infections observed in smokers, including those with COPD. Keywords: COPD

Project description:Lectins are proteins present on cell surfaces or as shed extracellular proteins that function in innate immune defense as phagocytic receptors to recognize specific bacterial cell wall components. Based on the knowledge that cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of bacterial infection, we hypothesized that cigarette smoking may modulate the expression of lectin genes in the airway epithelium. Affymetrix HG U133 Plus 2.0 microarrays were used to survey expression of lectin genes in large (3rd to 4th order bronchi) airway epithelium from 9 normal nonsmokers and 20 phenotypic normal smokers and small (10th to 12th order bronchi) airway epithelium from 13 normal nonsmokers and 20 phenotypic normal smokers. From the 72 lectin genes that were surveyed, there were no changes (>2-fold change, p<0.05) in gene expression in either large or small airway epithelium among normal smokers compared to nonsmokers except for a striking down regulation in both large and small airway epithelium of normal smokers of intelectin 1, a recently described lectin that participates in the innate immune response by recognizing and binding to galactofuranosyl residues in the cell walls of bacteria (large airway epithelium, p<0.003; small airway epithelium, p<0.002). TaqMan RT-PCR confirmed the observation that intelectin 1 was down-regulated in both large (p<0.05) and small airway epithelium (p<0.02) of normal smokers compared to normal nonsmokers. Immunohistochemistry assessment of biopsies of the large airway epithelium of normal nonsmokers demonstrated intelectin 1 was expressed in secretory cells, with qualitatively decreased expression in biopsies from normal smokers. Western analysis confirmed the decreased expression of intelectin 1 in airway epithelium of normal smokers compared to normal nonsmokers (p<0.02). Finally, compared to normal nonsmokers, intelectin 1 expression was decreased in small airway epithelium of smokers with early COPD (n= 13, p<0.001) and smokers with established COPD (n= 14, p<0.001), in a fashion similar to that of normal smokers. In the context that intelectin 1 is an epithelial molecule that likely plays a role in defense against bacteria, the down regulation of expression of intelectin 1 in response to cigarette smoking may contribute to the increase in susceptibility to infections observed in smokers, including those with COPD. Keywords: COPD Comparison of gene expression in airway epithelial cells of normal non-smokers, phenotypic normal smokers, smokers with early COPD, and smokers with COPD.

Project description:Down-regulation of the Notch Differentiation Pathway in the Human Airway Epithelium in Normal Smokers and Smokers with Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease In cigarette smokers, the toxic components of smoke place the epithelium under the constant stress of a variety of mechanisms of injury, with consequent modulation of airway epithelial regeneration and disordered differentiation. Based on the underlying hypothesis that these airway epithelial changes must involve quantitative changes in genes involved with the regulation of differentiation, we assessed the expression of the Notch pathway, a signaling pathway known to play a fundamental role in the embryonic lung as a gatekeeper for differentiation, in the small airway epithelium of non-smokers, normal smokers, and smokers with COPD. Microarray analysis demonstrated that 45 of the 55 Notch pathway-related genes are expressed in the human adult small airway epithelium and TaqMan quantitative PCR confirmed the expression of key genes in the pathway. TaqMan quantitative PCR analysis of the normal small airway epithelium demonstrated that Delta-like ligand 1 is the most highly expressed Notch ligand, Notch2 and 3 the most highly expressed receptor genes, and Hes1 the predominant downstream effector gene. TaqMan PCR was used to compare gene expression in nonsmokers vs healthy smokers vs smokers with COPD. The data show that some key genes in the ligands, receptors and downstream effectors in the Notch pathway are differentially expressed in smokers, with significant downregulation of a greater number of Notch-related genes in smokers with COPD compared to healthy smokers. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the Notch pathway, known to play an important role in lung morphogenesis, also likely plays a role in the adult human airway epithelium, with at least some of the Notch pathway gene expression dysregulated in association with smoking and its related disorder, COPD. Keywords: non-smokers, airway epithelial cells

Project description:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most prevalent lung diseases, and involves persistent airflow limitation and incorporates both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Cigarette smoking has been identified as the main risk factor for disease development and progression. In a basic model of COPD, the disease is initiated when the physiologic response mechanisms to cigarette smoke exposure are overwhelmed; for example, because of long-term exposure effects or other aging-related changes. In this parallel-group case-controlled clinical study we asked to what extent the different transitions in a chronic-exposure-to-disease model are reflected in the proteome and cellular transcriptome of induced sputum samples from the lung. For this, we selected 60 age- and gender-matched individuals for each of four study groups: current healthy smokers, current-smoker COPD patients, former smokers, and never smokers (a total of 240 individuals). Induced sputum was collected, the cell-free supernatant was analyzed by quantitative proteomics (isobaric-tag based), and the cellular mRNA fraction was analyzed by microarray-based expression profiling. The sputum proteome of current smokers (healthy or COPD patients) clearly reflected the common physiological responses to smoke exposure, including alterations in mucin/trefoil proteins (e.g., MUC5AC and TFF1/3up-regulation), peptidase regulators (e.g., TIMP1 up-regulation), and a prominent xenobiotic/oxidative stress response (e.g., NQO1 and ALDH3A1 up-regulation). The latter response also was observed in the sputum transcriptome, which additionally demonstrated an immune-related polarization change (toward a M2 signature). The (long-term) former smoker group showed nearly complete reversal of the observable biological effects. Thirteen differentially abundant proteins between the COPD and healthy smoker groups were identified. These abundant proteins included previously reported COPD-associated proteins (e.g., TIMP1 (up-regulation) and APOA1 (down-regulation)) and novel proteins such as C6orf58 and BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) (both up-regulated in the COPD group compared with the healthy smokers). In summary, our study demonstrates that sputum proteomics/transcriptomics can capture the complex and reversible physiological response to cigarette smoke exposure, which appears to be only slightly modulated in early-stage COPD patients. The study has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier NCT01780298.

Project description:Down-regulation of the Notch Differentiation Pathway in the Human Airway Epithelium in Normal Smokers and Smokers with Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; In cigarette smokers, the toxic components of smoke place the epithelium under the constant stress of a variety of mechanisms of injury, with consequent modulation of airway epithelial regeneration and disordered differentiation. Based on the underlying hypothesis that these airway epithelial changes must involve quantitative changes in genes involved with the regulation of differentiation, we assessed the expression of the Notch pathway, a signaling pathway known to play a fundamental role in the embryonic lung as a gatekeeper for differentiation, in the small airway epithelium of non-smokers, normal smokers, and smokers with COPD. Microarray analysis demonstrated that 45 of the 55 Notch pathway-related genes are expressed in the human adult small airway epithelium and TaqMan quantitative PCR confirmed the expression of key genes in the pathway. TaqMan quantitative PCR analysis of the normal small airway epithelium demonstrated that Delta-like ligand 1 is the most highly expressed Notch ligand, Notch2 and 3 the most highly expressed receptor genes, and Hes1 the predominant downstream effector gene. TaqMan PCR was used to compare gene expression in nonsmokers vs healthy smokers vs smokers with COPD. The data show that some key genes in the ligands, receptors and downstream effectors in the Notch pathway are differentially expressed in smokers, with significant downregulation of a greater number of Notch-related genes in smokers with COPD compared to healthy smokers. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the Notch pathway, known to play an important role in lung morphogenesis, also likely plays a role in the adult human airway epithelium, with at least some of the Notch pathway gene expression dysregulated in association with smoking and its related disorder, COPD. Experiment Overall Design: Gene expression in airway epithelial cells of normal non-smokers.

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Overexpression of the Apoptotic Cell Removal Receptor, MERTK, in Alveolar Macrophages of Cigarette Smokers

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