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Exploration of the Chicken Adipose Tissue

ABSTRACT: Adipose tissue is essential for lipid storage and thus, energy regulation and maintenance. Many organs in the body utilize lipids as their primary energy source, such as the heart. In addition, when glucose supplies are insufficient adipose tissue is broken down and fats are utilized systemically as a primary energy source. This is regulated by the endocrine system primarily through the regulation of glucagon and insulin. Adipose tissue is also involved with the immune system particularly in eliciting an inflammatory response through cytokine signaling and the release of interleukins. Chickens have two major fat pads: an abdominal fat pad and a cardiac fat pad. The abdominal fat pad is located on the ventral side, above the GI tract. The cardiac fat pad is situated on the atria of the heart and surrounds the aorta. These fat pads are different in coloration and size which leads to the hypothesis that these fat pads have different functions. The objectives of the project are to (a) identify genes that are unique to each type of adipose tissue when compared to the rest of the body, through the collection of other tissues and (b) to identify genes that are differentially expressed in each type of adipose tissue in comparison to each other to better understand the functioning of these fat pads in the chicken and the pathways that they are involved in at the transcriptomic level.

ORGANISM(S): Gallus gallus

PROVIDER: GSE89643 | GEO | 2017/03/13

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA379019

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Background and objective: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is associated with lipodystrophy i.e. loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue in abdomen, limbs and face and its accumulation intra-abdominally. No fat is lost dorsocervically and it can even accumulates in this region (“buffalo hump”). It is unknown how preserved dorsocervical fat differs from abdominal subcutaneous fat in HIV-1-infected cART-treated patients with (cART+LD+) and without (cART+LD-) lipodystrophy. Results: Albeit dorsocervical adipose tissue in cART+LD+ seems spared from lipoatrophy, its mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, copies/cell) content was significantly lower (by 62%) than that of the corresponding tissue in cART+LD-. Expression of CD68 mRNA, a marker of macrophages, and numerous inflammatory genes in microarray were significantly lower in dorsocervical vs. abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Genes with the greatest difference in expression between the two depots were those involved in regulation of transcription and regionalization (homeobox genes), irrespective of lipodystrophy status. There was negligible mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1, a gene characteristic of brown adipose tissue, in either depot. Conclusions: As mtDNA is depleted even in the non-atrophic dorsocervical adipose tissue, it is unlikely that the cause of lipoatrophy is loss of mtDNA. Dorsocervical adipose tissue is less inflamed than lipoatrophic adipose tissue. It does not resemble brown adipose tissue. The greatest difference in gene expression between dorsocervical and abdominal s.c. adipose tissue is in expression of homeobox genes. We used histology, microarray, polymerase chain reaction and magnetic resonance imaging to compare dorsocervical and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue in cART+LD+ (n=21) and cART+LD- (n=11). The study consists of 17 patients on antiretroviral treatment who have developed lipodystrophy and 11 patients that are on similar treatment but have not developped lipodystrophy. All patients are HIV+ and have 2 adipose tissue samples taken from them (dorsocervical+abdominal).

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Exploration of the Chicken Adipose Tissue

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