Hazard Assessment of High-Nitrogen Compounds: Coupling Transcriptomics with Multi-Cellular Co-Culture Assays Provides Accurate Systemic Toxicity Screening
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ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens
PROVIDER: GSE90619 | GEO | 2018/12/01
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Abstract - Current in vitro hazard assessment techniques lack the systems context necessary to holistically describe in vivo toxicity. To remedy this shortcoming, we have employed the Integrated discrete Multiple Organ Co-Culture (IdMOC) system in conjunction with global-transcriptomic expression assessment to provide a systems context of interactive organ and toxicity pathway responses. Specifically, IdMOC exposures containing hµMan cells representative of five organ types (kidney, liver, lung, vascular endotheliµM and heart muscle) were compared to mono-culture exposures, to evaluate toxic effects in a well-studied legacy munition, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) compared to a structurally similar insensitive munition, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) having sparsely described toxicity. DNAN toxicity, based on cell viability, was significantly lower than TNT for three cell lines: liver, vascular endotheliµM, and heart. Toxicity pathways enriched in transcriptional analysis of kidney cells exposed to TNT and DNAN through the IdMOC system reflected the literature-based in vivo mammalian toxicity of parent compounds and metabolites where multiple screening values matched chronic dosing levels within 1 order of magnitude. Enriched pathways were primarily unique to each chemical where TNT exposures affected xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, and cell cycle pathways in addition to pathways providing potential screening for hematotoxicity, renal toxicity and urinary cancer. Ten pathway-level responses from IdMOC suggested that DNAN elicited toxicity representative of the primary metabolite, 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). Relative to monoculture, IdMOC results provided a higher nµMber and more robust enrichment of pathways involved in known in vivo toxicity mechanisms for TNT and a profile indicative of in vivo systemic toxicity of DNAN and metabolite 2,4-DNP.
2018-12-01 | GSE90618 | GEO
Project description:Abstract - Current in vitro hazard assessment techniques lack the systems context necessary to holistically describe in vivo toxicity. To remedy this shortcoming, we have employed the Integrated discrete Multiple Organ Co-Culture (IdMOC) system in conjunction with global-transcriptomic expression assessment to provide a systems context of interactive organ and toxicity pathway responses. Specifically, IdMOC exposures containing human cells representative of five organ types (kidney, liver, lung, vascular endothelium and heart muscle) were compared to mono-culture exposures, to evaluate toxic effects in a well-studied legacy munition, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) compared to a structurally similar insensitive munition, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) having sparsely described toxicity. DNAN toxicity, based on cell viability, was significantly lower than TNT for three cell lines: liver, vascular endothelium, and heart. Toxicity pathways enriched in transcriptional analysis of kidney cells exposed to TNT and DNAN through the IdMOC system reflected the literature-based in vivo mammalian toxicity of parent compounds and metabolites where multiple screening values matched chronic dosing levels within 1 order of magnitude. Enriched pathways were primarily unique to each chemical where TNT exposures affected xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress, and cell cycle pathways in addition to pathways providing potential screening for hematotoxicity, renal toxicity and urinary cancer. Ten pathway-level responses from IdMOC suggested that DNAN elicited toxicity representative of the primary metabolite, 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). Relative to monoculture, IdMOC results provided a higher number and more robust enrichment of pathways involved in known in vivo toxicity mechanisms for TNT and a profile indicative of in vivo systemic toxicity of DNAN and metabolite 2,4-DNP.
2018-12-01 | GSE90617 | GEO
Project description:Hazard Assessment of High-Nitrogen Compounds: Coupling Transcriptomics with Multi-Cellular Co-Culture Assays Provides Accurate Systemic Toxicity Screening
| PRJNA355187 | ENA
Project description:Toxicology is traditionally divided between human and eco-toxicology. In the shared pursuit of environmental health, this separation does not account for discoveries made in the comparative studies of animal genomes. Here, we provide evidence on the feasibility of understanding the health impact of chemicals on all animals, including ecological keystone species and humans, based on a significant number of conserved genes and their functional associations to health-related outcomes across much of animal diversity. We test four conditions to understand the value of comparative genomics data to inform mechanism-based human and environmental hazard assessment: (1) genes that are most fundamental for health evolved early during animal evolution; (2) the molecular functions of pathways are better conserved among distantly related species than the individual genes that are members of these pathways; (3) the most conserved pathways among animals are those that cause adverse health outcomes when disrupted; (4) gene sets that serve as molecular signatures of biological processes or disease-states are largely enriched by evolutionarily conserved genes across the animal phylogeny. The concept of homology is applied in a comparative analysis of gene families and pathways among invertebrate and vertebrate species compared with humans. Results show that over 70% of gene families associated with disease are shared among the greatest variety of animal species through evolution. Pathway conservation between invertebrates and humans is based on the degree of conservation within vertebrates and the number of interacting genes within the human network. Human gene sets that already serve as biomarkers are enriched by evolutionarily conserved genes across the animal phylogeny. By implementing a comparative method for chemical hazard assessment, human and eco-toxicology converge towards a more holistic and mechanistic understanding of toxicity disrupting biological processes that are important for health and shared among animals (including humans).
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Project description:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are diverse environmental pollutants associated with adverse human health effects. Many studies focus on the carcinogenic effects of a limited number of PAHs and there is an increasing need to understand mechanisms of developmental toxicity of more varied yet environmentally relevant PAHs. A previous study characterized the developmental toxicity of 123 PAHs in zebrafish. Based on phenotypic responses ranging from complete inactivity to acute mortality, we classified these PAHs into eight bins, selected 16 representative PAHs, and exposed developing zebrafish to the concentration of each PAH that induced 80% phenotypic effect. We conducted RNA sequencing at 48 h post fertilization to identify gene expression changes as a result of PAH exposure.
2020-08-22 | GSE156656 | GEO
Project description:Despite their wide use in academia as metal-carbene precursors, diazo compounds are often avoided in industry owing to concerns over their instability, exothermic decomposition, and potential explosive behavior. The stability of sulfonyl azides and other diazo transfer reagents is relatively well understood, but there is little reliable data available for diazo compounds. This work first collates available sensitivity and thermal analysis data for diazo transfer reagents and diazo compounds to act as an accessible reference resource. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) data for the model donor/acceptor diazo compound ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate are presented. We also present a rigorous DSC dataset with 43 other diazo compounds, enabling direct comparison to other energetic materials to provide a clear reference work to the academic and industrial chemistry communities. Interestingly, there is a wide range of onset temperatures (T onset) for this series of compounds, which varied between 75 and 160 °C. The thermal stability variation depends on the electronic effect of substituents and the amount of charge delocalization. A statistical model is demonstrated to predict the thermal stability of differently substituted phenyl diazoacetates. A maximum recommended process temperature (T D24) to avoid decomposition is estimated for selected diazo compounds. The average enthalpy of decomposition (ΔH D) for diazo compounds without other energetic functional groups is -102 kJ mol-1. Several diazo transfer reagents are analyzed using the same DSC protocol and found to have higher thermal stability, which is in general agreement with the reported values. For sulfonyl azide reagents, an average ΔH D of -201 kJ mol-1 is observed. High-quality thermal data from ARC experiments shows the initiation of decomposition for ethyl (phenyl)diazoacetate to be 60 °C, compared to that of 100 °C for the common diazo transfer reagent p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl azide (p-ABSA). The Yoshida correlation is applied to DSC data for each diazo compound to provide an indication of both their impact sensitivity (IS) and explosivity. As a neat substance, none of the diazo compounds tested are predicted to be explosive, but many (particularly donor/acceptor diazo compounds) are predicted to be impact-sensitive. It is therefore recommended that manipulation, agitation, and other processing of neat diazo compounds are conducted with due care to avoid impacts, particularly in large quantities. The full dataset is presented to inform chemists of the nature and magnitude of hazards when using diazo compounds and diazo transfer reagents. Given the demonstrated potential for rapid heat generation and gas evolution, adequate temperature control and cautious addition of reagents that begin a reaction are strongly recommended when conducting reactions with diazo compounds.
| S-EPMC6972035 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Introduction Artificial turf or synthetic grass releases hazardous substances such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Objective The current study aimed to evaluate the concentration levels of hazardous substances that are emitted from artificial turf as a result of sunlight effect; and to assess the expected exposure risks to such emitted substances during various activities. The current study aimed to evaluate the concentration levels of hazardous substances that are emitted from artificial turf as a result of the effect of sunlight. And to assess the expected risks of exposure to these substances emitted during the various activities. Study design VOCs emitted from artificial turf samples were monitored and collected in the ambient air of three football fields, the ambient air around a piece of new artificial turf that has not yet been used on playing fields, but has been exposed to sunlight within one year and in the indoor air around a piece of new artificial turf. Which has not yet been used on the playgrounds and was placed at room temperature and away from sunlight. Results The current study shows that average afternoon morning VOCs levels were 277, 333, 405 and 509 mg/m3 in winter, autumn, spring and summer, respectively. The most predominant PAHs compounds present in the samples were compounds with 3-rings and 4-rings. The average daily intake (ADI) for three exposure routes (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact) was calculated for different age categories (3–6, 7–15, 16–18, 19–22, 23–55, and 56–70 year). Non-Carcinogenic exposure risk as hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were detected. Conclusion All HI values were <1, indicating that there is no potential adverse health effects occur as a result of a chemical exposure. Total carcinogenic risk (R) values for the different age categories were higher than 1E-04 for three football artificial grass fields, which indicated a high cancer risk development probability. HI and R probability increased in the age group of 7–15 year > 3–6 years.
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Project description:In our increasingly interconnected world, natural hazards and their impacts spread across geographical, administrative, and sectoral boundaries. Owing to the interrelationships between multi-hazards and socio-economic dimensions, the impacts of these types of events can surmount those of multiple single hazards. The complexities involved in tackling multi-hazards and multi-risks hinder a more holistic and integrative perspective and make it difficult to identify overarching dimensions important for assessment and management purposes. We contribute to this discussion by building on systemic risk research, especially the focus on interconnectedness, and suggest ways forward for an integrated multi-hazard and multi-risk framework that should be beneficial in real-world applications. In this article, we propose a six-step framework for analyzing and managing risk across a spectrum ranging from single-to multi- and systemic risk.
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Project description:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are diverse environmental pollutants associated with adverse human health effects. Many studies focus on the carcinogenic effects of a limited number of PAHs and there is an increasing need to understand mechanisms of developmental toxicity of more varied yet environmentally relevant PAHs. A previous study characterized the developmental toxicity of 123 PAHs in zebrafish. Based on phenotypic responses ranging from complete inactivity to acute mortality, we classified these PAHs into eight bins, selected 16 representative PAHs, and exposed developing zebrafish to the concentration of each PAH that induced 80% phenotypic effect. We conducted RNA sequencing at 48 h post fertilization to identify gene expression changes as a result of PAH exposure. Using the Context Likelihood of Relatedness algorithm, we inferred a network that links the PAHs based on coordinated gene responses to PAH exposure. The 16 PAHs formed two broad clusters: Cluster A was transcriptionally more similar to the controls, while Cluster B consisted of PAHs that were generally more developmentally toxic, significantly elevated cyp1a transcript levels, and induced Ahr2-dependent Cyp1a protein expression in the skin confirmed by gene-silencing studies. We found that cyp1a transcript levels were associated with transcriptomic response, but not with PAH developmental toxicity. While all cluster B PAHs predominantly activated Ahr2, they also each enriched unique pathways like ion transport signaling, which likely points to differing molecular events between the PAHs downstream of Ahr2. Thus, using a systems biology approach, we have begun to evaluate, classify, and define mechanisms of PAH toxicity.
| S-EPMC6566387 | biostudies-literature
Project description:3D printing has emerged as a rapid and cost-efficient manufacturing technique to enable the fabrication of bespoke, complex prototypes. If the technology is to have a significant impact in biomedical applications, such as drug discovery and molecular diagnostics, the devices produced must be biologically compatible to enable their use with established reference assays and protocols. In this work we demonstrate that we can adapt the Fish Embryo Test (FET) as a new method to quantify the toxicity of 3D printed microfluidic devices. We assessed the biocompatibility of four commercially available 3D printing polymers (VisiJetCrystal EX200, Watershed 11122XC, Fototec SLA 7150 Clear and ABSplus P-430), through the observation of key developmental markers in the developing zebrafish embryos. Results show all of the photopolymers to be highly toxic to the embryos, resulting in fatality, although we do demonstrate that post-printing treatment of Fototec 7150 makes it suitable for zebrafish culture within the FET.
| S-EPMC4758231 | biostudies-literature