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Gemcitabine induced TIMP-1 attenuates therapy response and promotes tumour growth and liver metastasis in pancreatic cancer

ABSTRACT: Gemcitabine constitutes one of the backbones for chemotherapy treatment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) but patients often show poor or complete lack of response to this agent. Molecular markers downstream of Gemcitabine treatment in pre-clinical models may provide an insight into resistance mechanisms. We identified potential secretory biomarkers of Gemcitabine resistance (response) in the transgenic KRasG12D; Trp53R172H; Pdx-1 Cre (KPC) mouse model of PDAC using cytokine arrays. We validated the oncogenic role of the cytokine tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) in primary pancreatic tumours and metastasis using both in vitro techniques and animal models. We identified potential pathways affected downstream of TIMP-1 using the Illumina Human H12 array. Our findings were validated in both primary and metastatic models of pancreatic cancer. Gemcitabine increases inflammatory cytokines including TIMP-1 in the KPC mouse model. TIMP-1 is upregulated in patients with pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias grade 3 and PDAC lesions relative to matched normal pancreatic tissue. Additionally, we demonstrate that TIMP-1 plays a role in tumour proliferation and angiogenesis, while inhibition resensitises to gemcitabine and radiotherapy. Strikingly, serum TIMP-1 levels support the formation of liver metastasis through the recruitment of immunosuppressive cell populations, such as CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid cells and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs to the hepatic microenvironment. Gemcitabine treatment results in upregulation of the pro-tumourigenic/pro-metastatic cytokine TIMP-1, which partially explains the therapeutic resistance and poor responses to this therapy in PDAC. Our study provides a rationale for the development and testing of TIMP-1 specific inhibitors in addition to chemo/radiotherapy.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE94891 | GEO | 2017/08/08

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA374729

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by a poor prognosis, and resistance to gemcitabine, a frontline chemotherapeutic agent, poses a significant challenge to effective treatment. Unraveling the molecular underpinnings of gemcitabine resistance is essential for devising novel therapeutic strategies. Here we derived gemcitabine-resistant and parental pancreatic cancer cell lines from KPC mouse models of PDAC. Employing a multi-omics approach, we integrated RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and ChIP-seq analyses to characterize the genome-wide alterations in gene transcription, chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, and transcription factor (TF) binding in resistant cells. High-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) was used to explore 3D chromatin remodeling. Our analyses identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) critical for gemcitabine metabolism and resistance, notably Rrm1 and Cdadc1. We observed the upregulation of NF-kB, p53, and MAPK pathways, and the downregulation of mTORC1, MYC targets, and reactive oxygen species pathways. Differentially accessible regions (DARs) showed a significant positive correlation with the expression patterns of DEGs and histone mark H3K27 acetylation. Motif enrichment analyses revealed that TFs from the AP-1, Fox, and Hox families were significantly enriched at DARs, underscoring Foxa1 as a pivotal regulator of resistance-associated genes. We discovered that 3D chromatin reorganization, particularly the enhancement of enhancer-promoter interactions involving super-enhancer (SE) reprogramming mediated by Foxa1 and Ctcf/Smc3, drives the expression of critical resistance genes. Targeting Foxa1 or disrupting SE-associated transcription using JQ1, a bromodomain inhibitor, effectively inhibited resistant cell proliferation and enhanced gemcitabine sensitivity. In summary, this study elucidates the role of TF-mediated chromatin remodeling in gemcitabine resistance and suggests that targeting super-enhancers could be a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome resistance in PDAC, potentially revolutionizing drug therapy for this disease.

Project description:Background & Aims: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) are characterized by fibrosis and an abundance of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We investigated strategies to disrupt interactions among CAFs, the immune system, and cancer cells, focusing on adhesion molecule cadherin 11 (CDH11), which has been associated with other fibrotic disorders and is expressed by activated fibroblasts. Methods: We compared levels of CDH11 mRNA in human pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer tissues and cells, compared with normal pancreas, and measured levels of CDH11 protein in human and mouse pancreatic lesions and normal tissues. We crossed p48-Cre;LSL-KrasG12D/+;LSL-Trp53R172H/+ (KPC) mice with CDH11-knockout mice and measured survival times of offspring. Pancreata were collected and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and (single-cell) RNA sequencing; RNA and proteins were identified by imaging mass cytometry. Some mice were given injections of PD1 antibody or gemcitabine and survival was monitored. Pancreatic cancer cells from KPC mice were subcutaneously injected into Cdh11+/+ and Cdh11–/– mice and tumor growth was monitored. Pancreatic cancer cells (mT3) from KPC mice (C57BL/6), were subcutaneously injected into Cdh11+/+ (C57BL/6J) mice and mice were given injections of antibody against CDH11, gemcitabine, or small molecule inhibitor of CDH11 (SD133) and tumor growth was monitored. Results: Levels of CDH11 mRNA and protein were significantly higher in CAFs than in pancreatic cancer epithelial cells, human or mouse pancreatic cancer cell lines, or immune cells. KPC/Cdh11+/– and KPC/Cdh11–/– mice survived significantly longer than KPC/Cdh11+/+ mice. Markers of stromal activation entirely surrounded pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias in KPC/Cdh11+/+ mice and incompletely in KPC/Cdh11+/– and KPC/Cdh11–/– mice, whose lesions also contained fewer FOXP3+ cells in the tumor center. Compared with pancreatic tumors in KPC/Cdh11+/+ mice, tumors of KPC/Cdh1+/– mice had increased markers of antigen processing and presentation; more lymphocytes and cytokines associated with lymphocyte infiltration; decreased extracellular matrix components; and reductions in markers and cytokines associated with immunosuppression. Administration of the PD1 antibody did not prolong survival of KPC mice with 0, 1, or 2 alleles of Cdh11. Gemcitabine extended survival only of KPC/Cdh11+/– and KPC/Cdh11–/– mice or reduced subcutaneous tumor growth in mT3 engrafted Cdh11+/+ mice given in combination with the CDH11 antibody. A small molecule inhibitor of CDH11 reduced growth of pre-established mT3 subcutaneous tumors only if T and B cells were present in mice. Conclusions: Knockout or inhibition of CDH11, which is expressed by CAFs in the pancreatic tumor stroma, reduces growth of pancreatic tumors, increases their response to gemcitabine, and significantly extends survival of mice. CDH11 promotes immunosuppression and extracellular matrix deposition, and might be developed as a therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.

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Gemcitabine induced TIMP-1 attenuates therapy response and promotes tumour growth and liver metastasis in pancreatic cancer

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