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Defective XRN3-mediated transcription termination in Arabidopsis affects the expression of protein-coding genes [array]

ABSTRACT: Arabidopsis thaliana contains two nuclear XRN2/3 5'-3' exonucleases that are homologs of yeast and human Rat1/Xrn2 proteins involved in the processing and degradation of several classes of nuclear RNAs and in transcription termination of RNA polymerase II. Using strand-specific short read sequencing we show that knockdown of XRN3 leads to an altered expression of hundreds of genes and the accumulation of uncapped and polyadenylated read-through transcripts generated by inefficiently terminated Pol II. Our data support the notion that XRN3-mediated changes in the expression of a subset of genes are caused by upstream read-through transcription and these effects are enhanced by RNA-mRNA chimeras generated in xrn3 plants. In turn, read-through transcripts that are antisense to downstream genes may trigger production of siRNA. Our results highlight the importance of XRN3 exoribonuclease in Pol II transcription termination in plants and show that disturbance in this process may significantly alter gene expression.

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis thaliana

PROVIDER: GSE95396 | GEO | 2018/01/24

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Defective XRN3-mediated transcription termination in Arabidopsis affects the expression of protein-coding genes [seq]

Project description:Arabidopsis thaliana contains two nuclear XRN2/3 5'-3' exonucleases that are homologs of yeast and human Rat1/Xrn2 proteins involved in the processing and degradation of several classes of nuclear RNAs and in transcription termination of RNA polymerase II. Using strand-specific short read sequencing we show that knockdown of XRN3 leads to an altered expression of hundreds of genes and the accumulation of uncapped and polyadenylated read-through transcripts generated by inefficiently terminated Pol II. Our data support the notion that XRN3-mediated changes in the expression of a subset of genes are caused by upstream read-through transcription and these effects are enhanced by RNA-mRNA chimeras generated in xrn3 plants. In turn, read-through transcripts that are antisense to downstream genes may trigger production of siRNA. Our results highlight the importance of XRN3 exoribonuclease in Pol II transcription termination in plants and show that disturbance in this process may significantly alter gene expression.

2018-01-24 | GSE95473 | GEO

Transcription profiling by array of a stably RNAi-silenced nuclear 5’-3’ exonuclease XRN3 mutant line in Arabidopsis thaliana after transcriptional inhibition with cordycepin

Project description:In Arabidopsis thaliana two nuclear 5'-3' exonucleases, XRN2 & 3, are involved in the degradation and processing of several classes of nuclear RNAs and in transcription termination of RNA polymerase II. The role of XRN3 in Pol II transcription termination is investigated by combining two different types of RNA-seq data for Col-0 background WT and xrn3-8 mutant A. thaliana seedlings. The data for the experiment comprises single molecule Direct RNA Sequencing of unamplified RNA (3x WT, 4x xrn3-8 mutant) and high-depth Illumina strand-specific short read sequencing of PCR amplified ribosomal-RNA depleted RNA (Illumina TruSeq stranded ribozero Plant kit, 3x WT, 3x xrm3-8 mutant). In the xrn3 mutant, these data reveal a widespread accumulation of non-coding intergenic transcripts (xrn3-associated transcripts - XATs) generated by Pol II read-through transcription that are usually polyadenylated and lack the 5' cap structure. This data highlights the important role of exoribonucleases in the torpedo mechanism of Pol II transcription termination and show that a global disturbance in this process significantly impacts both gene expression and transcriptome integrity.

2019-09-02 | E-MTAB-5137 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Direct RNA Sequencing of polyadenylated RNA & high-depth Illumina strand-specific, short read RNA-seq of a stably RNAi-silenced nuclear 5'-3' exonuclease XRN3 mutant line in Arabidopsis thaliana

2019-09-02 | E-MTAB-5132 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Genome-wide analysis of RNA polymerase II termination at protein-coding genes

Project description:At the end of protein-coding genes, RNA polymerase (Pol) II undergoes a concerted transition that involves 3’-processing of the pre-mRNA and transcription termination. Here we conduct a genome-wide analysis of this 3’-transition in yeast. We find that the 3’-transition globally requires the Pol II elongation factor Spt5 and factors involved in the recognition of the poly-adenylation (pA) site and in endonucleolytic RNA cleavage. Pol II release from DNA occurs in a narrow termination window downstream of the pA site and generally requires the ‘torpedo’ exonuclease Rat1 (human XRN2). The Rat1-interacting factor Rai1 contributes to RNA degradation downstream of the pA site. Defects in the 3’-transition result in transcription interference at downstream genes, which is attenuated by a back-up termination mechanism.

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A unified allosteric/torpedo mechanism for transcriptional termination on human protein-coding genes

Project description:The so-called allosteric and torpedo models have been used for the past thirty years to explain how transcription terminates on protein-coding genes. The former invokes conformational changes in the transcription complex and the latter involves degradation of the downstream product of poly(A) signal (PAS) processing. Here, we describe a single mechanism incorporating features of both models. We show that CPSF73 is indispensable for transcriptional termination on protein-coding and its loss causes profound read-through genome-wide. CPSF73 functions upstream of allosteric modifications to the elongation complex that cause Pol II to slow down after the PAS. This state is enriched by rapid depletion of XRN2 and promoted by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), the inhibition of which confers runaway read-through in the absence of XRN2. These allosteric changes facilitate XRN2-dependent termination, by aiding its capture of Pol II, rather than constituting a termination pathway in themselves. Our experiments unify the long-standing allosteric and torpedo models for transcriptional termination.

2020-01-21 | GSE137727 | GEO

mRNA decapping factors and the exonuclease Xrn2 function in widespread premature termination of RNA polymerase II transcription

Project description:We report a function of human mRNA decapping factors in control of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Decapping proteins Edc3, Dcp1a and Dcp2 and the termination factor TTF2 co-immunoprecipitate with Xrn2, the nuclear 5'-3' exonuclease torpedo that facilitates transcription termination at the 3' ends of genes. Dcp1a, Xrn2 and TTF2 localize near transcription start sites (TSSs) by ChIP-Seq. At genes with 5' peaks of paused pol II, knockdown of decapping or termination factors, Xrn2 and TTF2, shifted polymerase away from the TSS toward upstream and downstream distal positions. This re-distribution of pol II is similar in magnitude to that caused by depletion of the elongation factor Spt5. We propose that coupled decapping of nascent transcripts and premature termination by the torpedo mechanism is a widespread mechanism that limits bidirectional pol II elongation. Regulated co-transcriptional decapping near promoter-proximal pause sites followed by premature termination could control productive pol II elongation. RNA pol II (GSE30895: GSM766171), Xrn2, TTF2 and Dcp1a were localized by ChIP-Seq in HeLa cells. RNA pol II was localized in control HEK293 cells and cells infected with lentiviruses expressing a scrambled control shRNA (scr), and shRNAs targeting the following proteins: Xrn2, TTF2, Xrn2+TTF2, Edc3, Dcp1a, and Dcp2.

2012-04-04 | E-GEOD-36185 | biostudies-arrayexpress

DNA-directed termination of RNA Polymerase II transcription II

Project description:RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) transcription involves initiation from promoters, transcript elongation through the gene body, and cessation of transcription in the downstream terminator regions. In contrast to bacteria, where terminators often contain specific DNA elements to direct RNAP dissociation1, termination by RNAPII is thought to be driven entirely by protein co-factors1-3. Here we use biochemical reconstitution to shed new light on RNAPII termination. Unexpectedly, transcription through a terminator region by pure RNAPII results in a significant amount of intrinsic polymerase dissociation at specific sequences containing T-tracts. A combination of biochemistry and single molecule analysis indicates that such intrinsic termination involves pausing without backtracking prior to spontaneous RNAPII dissociation from the DNA template. Importantly, while the ‘torpedo’ Rat1-Rai1 RNA exonuclease (XRN2 in humans) works inefficiently on paused or stopped polymerases, it greatly stimulates intrinsic termination. By contrast, elongation factor Spt4-Spt5 (DSIF in humans) suppresses such termination. Genome-wide analysis in yeast using 3’-end sequencing further supports the idea that transcriptional termination occurs by transcript cleavage at the polyA site exposing a new RNA-end that allows loading of the Rat1-Rai1 torpedo, which then catches up with a destabilised RNAPII at intrinsic termination sites containing T-tracts to terminate transcription.

2023-09-11 | GSE218927 | GEO

DNA-directed termination of RNA Polymerase II transcription I

2023-09-11 | GSE218924 | GEO

Two distinct transcription termination modes dictated by promoters

Project description:Transcription termination determines the ends of transcriptional units and thereby ensures integrity of gene regulation. Here we perform genome-wide investigation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription termination in Caenorhabditis elegans and observe two distinct modes of termination. Whereas a subset of genes requires the exoribonuclease XRN2, a known termination factor, termination of other genes appears independent of, and refractory to, XRN2. Unexpectedly, promoters instruct the choice of termination mode, but XRN2-independent termination additionally requires a compatible region downstream of the 3’ end cleavage site. Hence, different termination mechanisms may affect different configurations of Pol II complexes dictated by promoters.

2018-02-05 | GSE97775 | GEO

DSIF factor Spt5 coordinates transcription, maturation and exoribonucleolysis of RNA polymerase II transcripts

Project description:RNA polymerase II (Pol II) termination is a crucial step in the transcriptional cycle, ensuring the recycling of Pol II and preventing interference with neighboring gene transcription. Xrn2 is an enzyme with 5'-3'- exonuclease activity, responsible for degrading RNA that is still being transcribed by Pol II after cleavage at the poly(A) site, ultimately leading to Pol II termination. We have confirmed that Xrn2's catalytic activity is essential for timely transcription termination. Furthermore, we have discovered a link between Xrn2 and the conserved, multifunctional transcription factor Spt5. Importantly, our research demonstrates that Xrn2 interacts with Pol II/Spt5 complexes. Additionally, when Spt5 is depleted, it not only impairs global transcription but also results in defective transcription termination. On the other hand, absence of Spt5 leads to the derepression of non-coding transcription and premature termination/attenuation at the 5'-end of coding genes. We propose that Spt5 acts as a "licensing" factor, ensuring that Pol II complexes are properly assembled for efficient transcription and co-transcriptional pre-mRNA processing.

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