Glutamine supplementation suppresses herpes simplex virus reactivation II
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
ORGANISM(S): Mus musculus
PROVIDER: GSE95714 | GEO | 2017/08/30
SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA378218
REPOSITORIES: GEO
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Project description:Chronic viral infections are difficult to treat and new approaches, particularly those involving enhancing immune responses are needed. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) establishes latency, reactivates frequently, and breakthrough reactivation can occur despite suppressive antiviral therapy. Virus-specific T cells are important to control HSV, and activated T cells require increased metabolism of glutamine for their proliferation. We found that treatment of HSV-1 latently infected mice and HSV-2 infected guinea pigs with supplemental oral glutamine reduced virus reactivation. Transcriptome analysis of mice treated with glutamine showed that several interferon (IFN)-γ inducible genes were upregulated. Unlike wild-type mice, supplemental glutamine was ineffective in reducing the rate of HSV-1 reactivation in IFN-γ knock-out mice. Mice treated with glutamine had higher numbers of HSV-specific IFN-γ producing CD8 T cells in latently infected ganglia. Thus, glutamine may enhance the IFN-γ-associated immune response and reduce the rate of reactivation of latent virus infection.
2017-08-30 | GSE95715 | GEO
Project description:Chronic viral infections are difficult to treat and new approaches, particularly those involving enhancing immune responses are needed. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) establishes latency, reactivates frequently, and breakthrough reactivation can occur despite suppressive antiviral therapy. Virus-specific T cells are important to control HSV, and activated T cells require increased metabolism of glutamine for their proliferation. We found that treatment of HSV-1 latently infected mice and HSV-2 infected guinea pigs with supplemental oral glutamine reduced virus reactivation. Transcriptome analysis of mice treated with glutamine showed that several interferon (IFN)-γ inducible genes were upregulated. Unlike wild-type mice, supplemental glutamine was ineffective in reducing the rate of HSV-1 reactivation in IFN-γ knock-out mice. Mice treated with glutamine had higher numbers of HSV-specific IFN-γ producing CD8 T cells in latently infected ganglia. Thus, glutamine may enhance the IFN-γ-associated immune response and reduce the rate of reactivation of latent virus infection.
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Project description:How type I / II interferons (IFNs) prevent periodic re-emergence of latent pathogens in tissues of diverse cell-types remains unknown. Using homogenous neuron cultures latently-infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV), we show that extrinsic type I or II IFN act directly on neurons to induce unique gene expression signatures and inhibit the reactivation-specific burst of viral genome-wide transcription called Phase I. Surprisingly, IFNs suppressed reactivation only during a limited period early in Phase I preceding productive virus growth. Sensitivity to type II IFN was selectively lost if viral ICP0, which normally accumulates later in Phase I, was expressed prior to reactivation. Thus, IFNs suppress reactivation by preventing initial expression of latent genomes but are ineffective once Phase I viral proteins accumulate and limit IFN action. This demonstrates that inducible reactivation from latency is only transiently sensitive to IFNs. Moreover, it illustrates how latent pathogens escape host immune control to periodically replicate by rapidly deploying an interferon-resistant state.
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Project description:The establishment of latent herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection is controlled by promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs). Viral genomes are recruited to PML NBs structures and chromatinized by repressive H3.3K9me3 modified H3.3 histone variant to form viral DNA-containing PML-NBs (vDCP NBs). Exactly how this occurs is unclear. Here we identify an essential role for the HUSH complex and its SETDB1 and MORC2 effectors in the establishment and maintenance of latent herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection. ChIP-seq analyses conducted on latently/quiescently infected primary human fibroblasts highlight the association of the H3K9me3 mark with the entire viral genome. We demonstrate the necessity of HUSH, SETDB1, and MORC2 in the establishment of repressive heterochromatin in vDCP NBs. Depletion of these components prior to viral infection results in reduced H3K9me3 levels across the entirety of latent/quiescent HSV-1 genomes, with minimal impact on the cellular genome as a whole. Once latency is established, depletion of HUSH, SETDB1, or MORC2 by shRNAs or the HIV-2ROD Vpx protein, induces the reactivation of HSV-1 in infected primary human fibroblasts as well as in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neurons (hiPSDN). We discovered that the viral protein ICP0 induces MORC2 degradation via the proteasome machinery. This process is concurrent with ICP0 capability to initiate full HSV-1 reactivation, as well as the significant reactivation of HSV-1 upon MORC2 depletion in hiPSDN. Our data demonstrate the potent antiviral restriction activity of the HUSH/SETDB1/MORC2 complex to a non-integrated human herpesvirus, its close association with PML NBs, and introduces a new target for anti-herpesvirus therapy.
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Project description:Following acute herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, the virus undergoes an asymptomatic latent infection of sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Chemical and physical stress cause intermittent virus reactivation from latently infected DRG and recurrent virus shedding in the genital mucosal epithelium causing genital herpes in symptomatic patients. While T-cells appear to play a role in controlling virus reactivation from DRG and reducing the severity of recurrent genital herpes, the mechanisms for recruiting these T-cells into DRG and the vaginal mucosa (VM) remain to be fully elucidated. The present study investigates the effect of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 T-cell-attracting chemokines on the frequency and function of DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and its effect on the frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes in the recurrent herpes guinea pig model. HSV-2 latent-infected guinea pigs were immunized intramuscularly with the HSV-2 RR2 protein (Prime) and subsequently treated intravaginally with the neurotropic adeno-associated virus type 8 (AAV-8) expressing CXCL9, CXCL10, or CXCL11 chemokines to recruit CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the infected DRG and VM (Pull). Compared to the RR2 therapeutic vaccine alone, the RR2/CXCL11 prime/pull therapeutic vaccine significantly increased the frequencies of functional tissue-resident (TRM cells) and effector (TEM cells) memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in both DRG and VM tissues. This was associated with less virus in the healed genital mucosal epithelium and reduced frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes. These findings confirm the role of local DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in reducing virus shedding at the vaginal site of infection and the severity of recurrent genital herpes and propose the novel prime-pull vaccine strategy to protect against recurrent genital herpes.
2024-03-14 | GSE261599 | GEO
Project description:Type III interferons (IFN-λ) are antiviral and immunomodulatory cytokines that have been best characterized in respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, but the effects of IFN-λ against skin infections have not been extensively investigated. We sought to define the skin-specific effects of IFN-λ against the highly prevalent human pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV). We infected mice lacking the IFN-λ receptor (Ifnlr1-/-), both the IFN-λ and the IFN-αβ receptor (Ifnar1-/- Ifnlr1-/-), or IFN-λ cytokines (Ifnl2/3-/-) and found that IFN-λ restricts the severity of HSV-1 and HSV-2 skin lesions, independent of a direct effect on viral load. Using conditional knockout mice, we found that IFN-λ signaling in both keratinocytes and neutrophils was necessary to control HSV-1 skin lesion severity, and that IFN-λ signaling in keratinocytes suppressed CXCL9-mediated neutrophil recruitment to the skin. Furthermore, depleting neutrophils prevented the development of severe HSV-1 skin lesions in Ifnlr1-/- mice. Altogether, our results suggest that IFN-λ plays an immunomodulatory role in the skin that restricts neutrophil-mediated pathology during HSV infection, and suggest potential applications for IFN-λ in treating viral skin infections.
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Project description:Type III interferons (IFN-λ) are antiviral and immunomodulatory cytokines that have been best characterized in respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, but the effects of IFN-λ against skin infections have not been extensively investigated. We sought to define the skin-specific effects of IFN-λ against the highly prevalent human pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV). We infected mice lacking the IFN-λ receptor (Ifnlr1-/-), both the IFN-λ and the IFN-αβ receptor (Ifnar1-/- Ifnlr1-/-), or IFN-λ cytokines (Ifnl2/3-/-) and found that IFN-λ restricts the severity of HSV-1 and HSV-2 skin lesions, independent of a direct effect on viral load. Using conditional knockout mice, we found that IFN-λ signaling in both keratinocytes and neutrophils was necessary to control HSV-1 skin lesion severity, and that IFN-λ signaling in keratinocytes suppressed CXCL9-mediated neutrophil recruitment to the skin. Furthermore, depleting neutrophils prevented the development of severe HSV-1 skin lesions in Ifnlr1-/- mice. Altogether, our results suggest that IFN-λ plays an immunomodulatory role in the skin that restricts neutrophil-mediated pathology during HSV infection, and suggest potential applications for IFN-λ in treating viral skin infections.
2023-09-12 | GSE242170 | GEO
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Project description:Environmental particle inhalation and persistent herpesvirus infection are omnipresent and associated with chronic lung diseases. Previously, we showed that pulmonary exposure to soot-like carbonaceous nanoparticles (CNP) or fibre-shaped engineered double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) induced an increase of lytic virus protein expression in latently murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) infected mouse lungs, with a similar pattern as acute infection suggesting virus reactivation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying herpesvirus reactivation as well as herpesvirus reactivation associated disease exacerbation caused by particle exposure remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of environmental relevant repeated particle exposure and herpesvirus reactivation mechanistically, and therapeutically. In the MHV-68 mouse model, we identified elevated lung inflammation and emphysema-like injury after repetitive CNP exposure. We further uncovered that CNP reactivated latent herpesvirus mainly in CD11b+ macrophages. Mechanistically, ERK1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK were rapidly activated after CNP and DWCNT exposure in persistently MHV-68 infected bone marrow-derived macrophages, followed by upregulation of viral gene expression and increased viral titer but without generating a pro-inflammatory transcriptional signature. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 activation abrogated CNP but not DWCNT triggered virus reactivation. In vivo, p38 inhibitor pretreatment of latently infected mice also attenuated CNP exposure induced MHV-68 reactivation. Our findings suggest that particle pollution is an environmental challenge to trigger herpesvirus reactivation and related chronic lung disease by activating latent herpesvirus via p38 MAPK dependent signalling. Pharmacological p38 inhibition might serve as a protective target to alleviate particle exposure related chronic lung disease exacerbations.
2023-09-29 | GSE223818 | GEO