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Human RELA haploinsufficiency results in autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous ulceration: the transcriptional profile of RelA haploinsufficient patients

ABSTRACT: The treatment of chronic mucocutaneous ulceration is challenging and only some patients respond selectively to inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). TNF-a activates opposing pathways leading to caspase-8-mediated apoptosis as well as NF-kB-dependent cell survival. We investigated the etiology of autosomal dominant mucocutaneous ulceration in a family whose proband was dependent on anti-TNF-a therapy for sustained remission. A heterozygous mutation in RELA (NM_021975: c.559+1G>A), encoding the NF-kB subunit RelA (p65), segregated with the disease phenotype and resulted in RelA haploinsufficiency. The patients’ fibroblasts exhibited increased apoptosis in response to TNF-a, impaired NF-kB activation, and defective expression of NF-B-dependent anti-apoptotic genes. We show that Rela+/- mice have similarly impaired NF-kB activation, develop cutaneous ulceration from TNF-a exposure, and exhibit severe dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis ameliorated by TNF-a inhibition. These findings demonstrate an essential contribution of biallelic RELA expression in protecting stromal cells from TNF-a-mediated cell death, thus delineating the mechanisms driving the effectiveness of TNF-a inhibition in this disease.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

PROVIDER: GSE98624 | GEO | 2017/05/09

SECONDARY ACCESSION(S): PRJNA385770

REPOSITORIES: GEO

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Project description:The airway epithelial cell plays a central role in coordinating pulmonary response to injury and inflammation. Here, transforming growth factor-b (TGFb) activates gene expression programs to induce stem cell-like properties, inhibit expression of differentiated epithelial adhesion proteins and express mesenchymal contractile proteins. This process is known as epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT); although much is known about the role of EMT in cellular metastasis in an oncogene-transformed cell, less is known about Type II EMT, that occurring in normal epithelial cells. In this study, we applied next generation sequencing (RNA-seq) in primary human airway epithelial cells to understand the gene program controlling Type II EMT and how cytokine-induced inflammation modifies it. Generalized linear modeling was performed on a two-factor RNA-seq experiment of 6 treatments of telomerase immortalized human small airway epithelial cells (3 replicates). Using a stringent cut-off, we identified 3,478 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to EMT. Unbiased transcription factor enrichment analysis identified three clusters of EMT regulators, one including SMADs/TP63 and another NF-kB/RelA. Surprisingly, we also observed 527 of the EMT DEGs were also regulated by the TNF-NF-kB/RelA pathway. This Type II EMT program was compared to Type III EMT in TGFb stimulated A549 alveolar lung cancer cells, revealing significant functional differences. Moreover, we observe that Type II EMT modifies the outcome of the TNF program, reducing IFN signaling and enhancing integrin signaling. We confirmed experimentally that TGFb-induced the NF-kB/RelA pathway by observing a 2-fold change in NF-kB/RelA nuclear translocation. A small molecule IKK inhibitor blocked TGFb-induced core transcription factor (SNAIL1, ZEB1 and Twist1) and mesenchymal gene (FN1 and VIM) expression. These data indicate that NF-kB/RelA controls a SMAD-independent gene network whose regulation is required for initiation of Type II EMT. Type II EMT dramatically affects the induction and kinetics of TNF-dependent gene networks.

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Human RELA haploinsufficiency results in autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous ulceration: the transcriptional profile of RelA haploinsufficient patients

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