Project description:Samples from monoculture of bacteria or fungi grown for 24h. Samples were extracted with methanol 80% or ethyl-acetate (supernatant fractions)
Project description:This study aims to determine the predominant Alternaria species present in Canadian crops, their subsequent substrate distribution and which secondary metabolites are produced. 131 isolates obtained from the Canadian Collection of Fungal Cultures (CCFC) were grown as three-point inoculations on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and grown in the dark for seven days at 25°C. Each strain was extracted with ethyl acetate containing 1% formic acid, and analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in full MS mode in both positive and negative ionization modes at 140K resolution. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), and groups were assigned based on k-means clustering analysis. All metabolites detected in the peak lists were investigated for significance (P<0.001) between groups using the Kruskal-Wallace test using Benjamini Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction.
Project description:We compared the gene expression stimulated with fungal extracts from Aspergillus (A.) fumigatus, Alternaria (A.) alternata, or Penicillium (P.) notatum in NCI-H292 (a human bronchial epithelial cell line) to search Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM)-related genes. We identified a mucin-related MUC5AC gene, the expression of which was selectively induced by A. fumigatus. Total RNA from NCI-H292 cells stimulated for 24 h with the A. fumigatus, A. alternata, or P. notatum fungi extracts was extracted and subjected to microarray analysis. Each experiments were perfomed once for each stimulus.
Project description:Brassinosteroid (BR) and auxin co-regulate plant growth in a process termed cross-talking. Based on the assumption that their signal transductions are partially shared, inhibitory chemicals for both signal transductions were screened from a commercially-available library. A chemical designated as NJ15 (ethyl 2-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrazole-2-yl]acetate) diminished the growth promotion of both adzuki bean epicotyls and Arabidopsis seedlings, by either the application of BR or auxin. To understand its target site(s), bioassays with a high dependence on either the signal transduction of BR (BR-signaling) or of auxin (AX-signaling), were performed. NJ15 inhibited photomorphogenesis of Arabidopsis seedlings grown in the dark, which mainly depends on BR-signaling, while NJ15 also inhibited their gravitropic responses mainly depending on AX-signaling. On the study for the structure-activity relationships of NJ15 analogues, they showed strong correlations on the inhibitory profiles between BR- and AX-signalings. These correlations imply that NJ15 targets the downstream pathway after the integration of BR- and AX-signals. Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0 was used as the wild type (WT) in this study. The Col-0 plants, grown vertically as a gravitropic response assay for 4 days on MS plates, were sprayed with mock or with 10 µM NJ15 (ethyl 2-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrazole-2-yl]acetate) and were gravistimulated by turning then 90° relative to the first direction. After 8 h, plants were harvested and total RNA was extracted with a Total RNA Extraction Kit Mini for plant (RBC Bioscience), then total RNA was subjected to microarray analysis.
Project description:Three independent cultures of Methylorubrum extorquens PA1 delta cel were grown on ammonium mineral salts with either methanol or succinate provided as the sole carbon and energy source. The supernatant was subsequently extracted with acidified ethyl acetate and analyzed by LC-MS.
Project description:Covering: 2002 to 2020In their natural environment, fungi must compete for resources. It has been hypothesized that this competition likely induces the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites for defence. In a quest to discover new chemical diversity from fungal cultures, a growing trend has been to recapitulate this competitive environment in the laboratory, essentially growing fungi in co-culture. This review covers fungal-fungal co-culture studies beginning with the first literature report in 2002. Since then, there has been a growing number of new secondary metabolites reported as a result of fungal co-culture studies. Specifically, this review discusses and provides insights into (1) rationale for pairing fungal strains, (2) ways to grow fungi for co-culture, (3) different approaches to screening fungal co-cultures for chemical diversity, (4) determining the secondary metabolite-producing strain, and (5) final thoughts regarding the fungal-fungal co-culture approach. Our goal is to provide a set of practical strategies for fungal co-culture studies to generate unique chemical diversity that the natural products research community can utilize.
Project description:Transcriptome sequencing of mice treated with Chebulae Fructus hydrosoluble extract ethyl acetate fraction and water were performed, and the gene expression profiles were compared.
Project description:Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a term describing a collection of conditions characterised by chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract involving an inappropriate immune response to commensal microorganisms in a genetically susceptible host. Four kiwifruit extracts, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of gold kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) or green kiwifruit (A. deliciosa), have previously demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro models of IBD. This study examined whether these kiwifruit extracts had immune modulating effects in vivo against inflammatory processes known to be increased in patients with IBD. KFEs were used as a dietary intervention in Il10-/- mice (an in vivo model of IBD) and the C57BL/6J background strain in a 3 x 2 factorial design. While all Il10-/- mice developed significant colonic inflammation compared to the C57BL/6J mice, this was not affected by the inclusion of KFE in the diet. Whole genome gene and protein expression level profiling indicated that KFEs influenced immune signalling pathways and metabolic processes within the colonic tissue; however, the effects were subtle. In particular, adaptive immune pathways were reduced by three out of four kiwifruit extracts, with greater reduction seen in the C57BL/6J mice. This suggests that while immune-modulating activity was present in vivo, KFEs did not reduce inflammatory processes relevant to IBD. Experimental design. Two experiments were conducted, one using extracts from gold kiwifruit and one using extracts from green kiwifruit. Within each experiment, both Il10-/- and C57 mice were randomly divided into three diet treatment groups, to ive the following 12 treatments: 1) Gold Kiwifruit Experiment, C57BL/6J mice, Control diet (AIN-76A), 2) Gold Kiwifruit Experiment, C57BL/6J mice, Aqueous Kiwifruit Extract Supplemented Diet (AIN-76A + 5% Aqueous KFE) 3) Gold Kiwifruit Experiment, C57BL/6J mice, Ethyl Acetate Kiwifruit Extract Supplemented Diet (AIN-76A + 0.11% Ethyl Acetate KFE) 4) Gold Kiwifruit Experiment, Il10-/- mice, Control diet (AIN-76A), 5) Gold Kiwifruit Experiment, Il10-/- mice, Aqueous Kiwifruit Extract Supplemented Diet (AIN-76A + 5% Aqueous KFE) 6) Gold Kiwifruit Experiment, Il10-/- mice, Ethyl Acetate Kiwifruit Extract Supplemented Diet (AIN-76A + 0.11% Ethyl Acetate KFE) 7) Green Kiwifruit Experiment, C57BL/6J mice, Control diet (AIN-76A), 8) Green Kiwifruit Experiment, C57BL/6J mice, Aqueous Kiwifruit Extract Supplemented Diet (AIN-76A + 5% Aqueous KFE) 9) Green Kiwifruit Experiment, C57BL/6J mice, Ethyl Acetate Kiwifruit Extract Supplemented Diet (AIN-76A + 0.11% Ethyl Acetate KFE) 10) Green Kiwifruit Experiment, Il10-/- mice, Control diet (AIN-76A), 11) Green Kiwifruit Experiment, Il10-/- mice, Aqueous Kiwifruit Extract Supplemented Diet (AIN-76A + 5% Aqueous KFE) 12) Green Kiwifruit Experiment, Il10-/- mice, Ethyl Acetate Kiwifruit Extract Supplemented Diet (AIN-76A + 0.11% Ethyl Acetate KFE) Six biological replicates were analysed from each treatment group, except for groups 3 and 7 where five replicates were analysed due to array quality issues with the sixth replicate. Each replicate contained mRNA from one mouse. A reference design was used, where each slide was hybridised with mRNA from one sample (green channel) and mRNA from a common reference pool (red channel).
Project description:This experiment aims to ascertain a profile of secondary metabolites produced by Ilyonectria species capable of causing disappearing root rot in ginseng. Ilyonectria isolates were grown on potato dextrose agar for 20 days, then plugs were taken from the cultures and extracted with ethyl acetate. Extracts were analyzed by LC-HRMS and tandem HRMS. Data were analyzed by Principal component analysis and molecular networking with GNPS.