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Polarized microtubule remodeling transforms activated microglia morphology and drives cytokine release

ABSTRACT: Microglial activation is a pathological hallmark in many neurodegenerative diseases. During activation, microglia undergo complex morphological changes, including loss of their characteristic ramified cell morphology, which is routinely used to detect and quantify inflammation in the brain. However, the molecular mechanisms enabling this morphological change and the relation between microglial cell morphology and its pathophysiological function are not understood. Here, proteomic profiling of activated microglia identified microtubule remodeling pathways as an early factor that drives the morphological change and subsequently controls cytokine responses. We found that activated microglia increase their microtubule dynamics to form a stable and centrosomally anchored microtubule array to facilitate efficient cytokine trafficking and release. Moreover, we identified cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk-1) as a critical upstream regulator of microtubule remodeling and morphological change in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate a critical role for microtubule dynamics and reorganization in microglial activation and modulating cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses.

INSTRUMENT(S): Orbitrap Eclipse, Orbitrap Fusion Lumos

ORGANISM(S): Mus Musculus (ncbitaxon:10090)

SUBMITTER: Christopher Rose

PROVIDER: MSV000090254 | MassIVE |

REPOSITORIES: MassIVE

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Project description:GFAP and vimentin deficiency alters gene expression in astrocytes and microglia in wild-type mice and changes the transcriptional response of reactive glia in mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Reactive astrocytes with an increased expression of intermediate filament (IF) proteins Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Vimentin (VIM) surround amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The functional consequences of this upregulation are unclear. To identify molecular pathways coupled to IF regulation in reactive astrocytes, and to study the interaction with microglia, we examined WT and APPswe/PS1dE9 (AD) mice lacking either GFAP, or both VIM and GFAP, and determined the transcriptome of cortical astrocytes and microglia from 15- to 18-month-old mice. Genes involved in lysosomal degradation (including several cathepsins) and in inflammatory response (including Cxcl5, Tlr6, Tnf, Il1b) exhibited a higher AD-induced increase when GFAP, or VIM and GFAP, were absent. The expression of Aqp4 and Gja1 displayed the same pattern. The downregulation of neuronal support genes in astrocytes from AD mice was absent in GFAP/VIM null mice. In contrast, the absence of IFs did not affect the transcriptional alterations induced by AD in microglia, nor was the cortical plaque load altered. Visualizing astrocyte morphology in GFAP-eGFP mice showed no clear structural differences in GFAP/VIM null mice, but did show diminished interaction of astrocyte processes with plaques. Microglial proliferation increased similarly in all AD groups. In conclusion, absence of GFAP, or both GFAP and VIM, alters AD-induced changes in gene expression profile of astrocytes, showing a compensation of the decrease of neuronal support genes and a trend for a slightly higher inflammatory expression profile. However, this has no consequences for the development of plaque load, microglial proliferation, or microglial activation. 2 cell types from 6 conditions: cortical microglia and cortical astrocytes from 15-18 month old APPswe/PS1dE9 mice compared to wildtype littermates. Biological replicates: microglia from APPswe/PS1dE9, N=7, microglia from WT, N=7, astrocytes from APPswe/PS1dE9, N=4, microglia from WT, N=4

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Polarized microtubule remodeling transforms activated microglia morphology and drives cytokine release

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