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Metabolomics Investigation of Dietary Effects on Flesh Quality in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

ABSTRACT:

BACKGROUND: The ultra-high density intensive farming model of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) may elicit inhibite the growth, decline flesh quality and disease resistance of fish. The quality degradation and excessive fat accumulation in cultured C. idellus have long been attributed to possible alterations in the lipid metabolism of fish muscle tissues as a result of over-nutrition from artificial diets. To investigate the effects of different diets on fish muscle quality, a large-scale metabolomics study was performed on 200 tails of C. idellus.

FINDINGS: The experimental fish were divided into four test groups based on sex and diets - female artificial feed (FAF), female grass feed (FGF), male artificial feed (MAF) and male grass feed (MGF). After a 4-month rearing period, the AF group showed significantly higher total mass of muscle fat (P < 0.01), with the FAF group being the highest. Metabolomics profiling based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed distinctive patterns of clustering according to the four groups. Overall, artificial feeding was associated with higher concentrations of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (ARA); whereas grass-feeding was associated with elevated n-3 unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 UFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Some sex-specific markers, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was only found in male samples, with higher levels in the MAF group. Metabolic pathway analyses using both targeted (MetaboAnalyst) and untargeted (mummichog) approaches consistently revealed that the arachidonic acid metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways are significantly different between AF and GF groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that grass is a better source of diet fatty acid and protein when compared to artificial feed, because it could effectively lower triglycerides in serum, reduce fat accumulation and alter lipid compositions in fish muscle by increasing the concentrations of n-3 UFAs, leading to better nutrition and health.

INSTRUMENT(S): SYNAPT G2-XS QTOF (Waters, UK)

SUBMITTER: Dapeng Li

PROVIDER: MTBLS673 | MetaboLights | 2018-08-17

REPOSITORIES: MetaboLights

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Project description:BACKGROUND: The ultra-high density intensive farming model of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) may elicit inhibite the growth, decline flesh quality and disease resistance of fish. The quality degradation and excessive fat accumulation in cultured C. idellus have long been attributed to possible alterations in the lipid metabolism of fish muscle tissues as a result of over-nutrition from artificial diets. To investigate the effects of different diets on fish muscle quality, a large-scale metabolomics study was performed on 200 tails of C. idellus. FINDINGS: The experimental fish were divided into four test groups based on sex and diets - female artificial feed (FAF), female grass feed (FGF), male artificial feed (MAF) and male grass feed (MGF). After a 4-month rearing period, the AF group showed significantly higher total mass of muscle fat (P < 0.01), with the FAF group being the highest. Metabolomics profiling based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed distinctive patterns of clustering according to the four groups. Overall, artificial feeding was associated with higher concentrations of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (ARA); whereas grass-feeding was associated with elevated n-3 unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 UFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Some sex-specific markers, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was only found in male samples, with higher levels in the MAF group. Metabolic pathway analyses using both targeted (MetaboAnalyst) and untargeted (mummichog) approaches consistently revealed that the arachidonic acid metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways are significantly different between AF and GF groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that grass is a better source of diet fatty acid and protein when compared to artificial feed, because it could effectively lower triglycerides in serum, reduce fat accumulation and alter lipid compositions in fish muscle by increasing the concentrations of n-3 UFAs, leading to better nutrition and health.

Project description:INTRODUCTION: Feed optimization is a key step to the environmental and economic sustainability of aquaculture, especially for carnivorous species. Plant-derived ingredients can contribute to reduce costs and nitrogenous effluents while sparing wild fish stocks. However, the metabolic use of carbohydrates from vegetable sources by carnivorous fish is still not completely understood.OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the effects of diets with carbohydrates of different digestibilities, gelatinized starch (DS) and raw starch (RS), in the muscle metabolome of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax).METHODS: We followed an NMR-metabolomics approach, using two sample preparation procedures, the intact muscle (HRMAS) and the aqueous muscle extracts (1H NMR), to compare the variations in muscle metabolome between the two diets.RESULTS: In muscle, multivariate analysis revealed similar metabolome shifts for DS and RS diets, when compared with the control diet. HRMAS of intact muscle, which included both hydrophobic and hydrophilic metabolites, showed increased lipid in DS-fed fish by univariate analysis. Regardless of the nature of the starch, increased glycine and phenylalanine, and decreased proline were observed when compared to the Ctr diet. Combined univariate analysis of intact muscle and aqueous extracts indicated specific diet related changes in lipid and amino acid metabolism, consistent with increased dietary carbohydrate supplementation.CONCLUSIONS: Due to differential sample processing, outputs differ in detail but provide complementary information. After tracing nutritional alterations by profiling fillet components, DS seems to be the most promising alternative to fishmeal-based diets in aquaculture. This approach should be reproducible for other farmed fish species and provide valuable information on nutritional and organoleptic properties of the final product.

Project description:Calorie restriction (CR) consistently extends longevity and delays age-related diseases across several animal models. We have previously shown that different dietary fat sources can modulate life span and mitochondrial ultrastructure, function and membrane fatty acid composition in mice maintained on a 40% CR. In particular, animals consuming lard as the main fat source (CR-Lard) lived longer than CR mice consuming diets with soybean oil (CR-Soy) or fish oil (CR-Fish) as the predominant lipid source. In the present work, a transcriptomic analysis in liver and skeletal muscle was performed in order to elucidate possible mechanisms underlying the changes in energy metabolism and longevity induced by dietary fat in CR mice. After 8 months of CR, transcription downstream of several mediators of inflammation was inhibited in liver. In contrast, proinflammatory signaling was increased in the CR-Fish versus other CR groups. Dietary fish oil induced a gene expression pattern consistent with increased transcriptional regulation by several cytokines (TNF, GM-CSF, TGF-b) and sex hormones when compared to the other CR groups. The CR-Fish also had lower expression of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and increased expression of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid b-oxidation genes than the other CR diet groups. Our data suggest that a diet high in n-3 PUFA, partially reverts CR-related changes in gene expression of key processes, such as inflammation and steroid hormone signaling, and this may mitigate life span extension with CR in mice consuming diets high in fish oil. Sixteen male C57BL/6 mice were purchased at 14 weeks of age from the Jackson Laboratory (Sacramento, CA) and fed a commercial rodent chow diet (Harlan Teklad #7012). The mice were allowed ad libitum access to food and their food intake was monitored for two weeks. At 4 months of age, the animals were randomly assigned to four groups. The Control group received 95% of the daily ad libitum caloric intake (13.6 kcal/day) to avoid excessive weight gain and obesity, and the other three groups received 60% of the ad libitum consumption (8.6 kcal/day). A total of 31 mice samples (eight control, eight fish, eight lard and seven soy distributed in liver (n=16) and muscle (n=15) tissues) were analyzed by RNA-Sequencing. However, 2 samples (1071 control liver [JFM42H], 1125 fish muscle [JFM45D]) were discarded for further analysis after performing cluster analysis (they were clustering in a different groups). Also their RIN values were not as high as those of the other samples, indicating lower quality of the RNA.

			Action	DRS
	MTBLS673	Other
	FILES	Other
	a_MTBLS673_female_mass_spectrometry.txt	Txt
	a_MTBLS673_male_mass_spectrometry.txt	Txt
	i_Investigation.txt	Txt

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Metabolomics Investigation of Dietary Effects on Flesh Quality in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

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