Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJNA312828 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:Accurately estimating hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) numbers is difficult due to their aggressive nature, amphibious lifestyle, and habit of diving and surfacing. Traditionally, hippos are counted using aerial surveys and land/boat surveys. We compared estimates of numbers of hippos in a lagoon in the Okavango Delta, counted from land to counts from video taken from a DJI Phantom 4TM drone, testing for effectiveness at three heights (40 m, 80 m, and 120 m) and four times of day (early morning, late morning, early afternoon, and late afternoon). In addition, we determined effectiveness for differentiating age classes (juvenile, subadult, and adult), based on visual assessment and measurements from drone images, at different times and heights. Estimates in the pool averaged 9.18 (± 0.25SE, range 1-14, n = 112 counts). Drone counts at 40 m produced the highest counts of hippos, 10.6% higher than land counts and drone counts at 80 m, and 17.6% higher than drone counts at 120 m. Fewer hippos were counted in the early morning, when the hippos were active and most likely submerged, compared to all other times of day, when they tended to rest in shallow water with their bodies exposed. We were able to assign age classes to similar numbers of hippos from land counts and counts at 40 m, although land counts were better at identifying juveniles and subadults. Early morning was the least effective time to age hippos given their active behaviour, increasingly problematic with increasing height. Use of a relatively low-cost drone provided a rigorous and repeatable method for estimating numbers and ages of hippos, other than in the early morning, compared to land counts, considered the most accurate method of counting hippos.
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Project description:The project aimed to characterize the collagen type I (COL1) sequences from Pleistocene Macrauchenia sp. and Toxodon sp. bone samples, and by comparison with existing COL1 sequences available from genomic sources establish the phylogenetic position of both extinct species. In order to resolve their phylogenetic position, COL1 was extracted from two Toxodon (samples MLP201204, MACN201212, York12, York13) and two Macrauchenia (samples MLP201212, MACN201202, York14, York15). In addition, modern and Pleistocene COL1 was extracted from additional species currently not present in available databases (Mylodon darwinii, Cyclopes didactylus, Hippopotamus amphibius, Tapirus terrestris) or from species for which COL1 sequences are available (Equus sp., Oryceropus afer). All extractions were performed at BioArCh, University of York (UK). Analyses took place on Bruker maXis HD (Macrauchenia sp., Toxodon sp., Equus sp.) and Thermo Scientific Hybrid Quadruopole-Orbitrap (Macrauchenia sp., Toxodon sp., Mylodon darwinii, Cyclopes didactylus, Hippopotamus amphibius, Tapirus terrestris, Oryceropus afer) platforms.
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