Project description:Rationale: Sepsis patients suffer from severe metabolic and immunologic dysfunction that may be amplified by standard carbohydrate-based nutritional regimes. We therefore hypothesize that a ketogenic diet improves sepsis treatment. Objectives: We investigated the safety and feasibility of a ketogenic diet in sepsis patients. Methods: We conducted a monocentric open-labeled randomized controlled trial (DRKS00017710) enrolling adult sepsis patients randomly assigned to either ketogenic or standard high-carbohydrate diet for 14 days with follow-up until day 30. The primary outcome measure was β-hydroxybutyrate serum concentration on day 14. Secondary outcomes included safety, clinical and immunological changes. Measurements and Main Results: 40 critically ill septic patients were assigned to the study groups. Increase in β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations from baseline to day 14 was markedly greater under ketogenic diet (1.2 ±0.9) compared to controls (-0.3 ±0.4); estimated mean difference 1.4 (95%-CI 1.0-1.8; p<0.0001). During ketogenic diet, no patient required insulin treatment beyond day 4, whereas 35% to 60% of control patients did (p=0.0095). Metabolic side effects were not observed under ketogenic diet. Ventilation-free (IRR 1.7; 95%-CI: 1.5 to 2.1; p<0.0001), vasopressor-free (IRR 1.7; 95%-CI: 1.5 to 2.0; p<0.0001), dialysis-free (IRR 1.5; 95%-CI: 1.3 to 1.8; p<0.0001), and ICU-free days (IRR 1.7; 95%-CI: 1.4 to 2.1; p<0.0001) significantly increased in patients under ketogenic diet. There was no difference in 30-day mortality. Analyses indicated favorable changes towards immune homeostasis. Conclusions: Ketogenic diet is a feasible and safe nutritional regimen in septic patients promoting recovery from sepsis-related organ dysfunction and could become a new tool in modern treatment concepts.
Project description:There is currently no established treatment for Cockayne syndrome, a disease characterized by progressive early onset neurodegeneration with features of premature aging and death in childhood. Here, we tested if acetyl-CoA precursors, citrate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, could reduce features of Cockayne syndrome. We identified the gene Helicase 89B (Hel89B) as a homologue of CSB in drosophila and found that the ketone beta-hydroxybutyrate rescued features of premature aging in Hel89B deficient flies. In mammals, loss of the citrate carrier Indy exacerbated the phenotype of Csbm/m mice, rescued by a ketogenic diet. The rescue effect appeared to be mediated through ketone stimulated histone acetylation and facilitation of transcriptional resolution of non-B DNA. Notably, this appears to be a common effect of a ketogenic diet.
Project description:Kabuki syndrome is a Mendelian intellectual disability syndrome caused by mutations in either of two genes (KMT2D and KDM6A) involved in chromatin accessibility. We previously showed that an agent that promotes chromatin opening, the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) AR-42, ameliorates the deficiency of adult neurogenesis in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, and rescues hippocampal memory defects in a mouse model of Kabuki syndrome (Kmt2d+/βGeo). Unlike a drug, a dietary intervention could be quickly transitioned to the clinic. Therefore, we have explored whether treatment with a ketogenic diet could lead to a similar rescue through increased amounts of beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous HDACi. Here, we report that a ketogenic diet in Kmt2d+/βGeo mice modulates H3ac and H3K4me3 in the granular cell layer, with concomitant rescue of both the neurogenesis defect and hippocampal memory abnormalities seen in Kmt2d+/βGeo mice; similar effects on neurogenesis were observed upon exogenous administration of beta-hydroxybutyrate. These data suggests that dietary modulation of epigenetic modifications through elevation of beta-hydroxybutyrate may provide a feasible strategy to treat the intellectual disability seen in Kabuki syndrome and related disorders. We used microarrays to query global gene expression changes in the hippocampus of wild type and Kmt2d+/βGeo (Kabuki syndrome model) mice on a regular diet to identify specific gene expression abnormalities in the hippocampus of the Kabuki syndrome mouse model.
Project description:Sepsis patients suffer from severe metabolic and immunologic dysfunction that may be amplified by standard nutritional approaches relying primarily on carbohydrates. We here hypothesize that a ketogenic diet improves sepsis treatment. We conducted a monocentric open-labeled randomized controlled trial enrolling 40 adult sepsis patients. Patients were randomly assigned to either ketogenic diet (KD) or standard high-carbohydrate nutrition for 14 days and followed up until day 30. The primary outcome measure was β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) serum concentration on day 14. We assessed feasibility and safety of KD, as well as diet-associated clinical and immunological changes. The respective nutrition protocols were successfully applied, dropouts did not occur. Regression analysis revealed a greater increase in BHB concentrations from baseline to day 14 in KD patients compared to controls. Metabolic side effects were not observed under ketogenic diet. Ventilation-free, vasopressor-free, dialysis-free and ICU-free days significantly increased in patients under ketogenic diet. Transcriptome profiling of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at day 14 revealed substantial differential regulation of gene expression in the KD vs. the control group indicating a reduced T-cell activation and a shift towards a more regulated immunity.
Project description:The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is produced during dietary restriction, fasting, and exercise. A ketogenic diet (KD) results in long-term production of BHB outside of these contexts. We sought to determine a protein-matched, non-obese ketogenic diet (KD) would affect the longevity and healthspan of C57BL/6 male mice. We find that feeding KD every-other-week to prevent obesity (cyclic KD) reduces mid-life mortality but does not affect maximum lifespan. Similar feeding of a non-ketogenic high-fat/low-carbohydrate (HF) diet may have an intermediate effect on mortality. Cyclic KD improves memory performance in old age, while modestly improving composite measures of healthspan. RNAseq gene expression analysis identifies down-regulation of insulin, TOR, and fatty acid synthesis pathways as possible longevity mechanisms common to KD and HF. However, up-regulation of fasting-related PPARα target genes is unique to KD, consistent across tissues, and preserved in old age, suggesting a mechanism for an incremental benefit from KD. In all, we show that a non-obese ketogenic diet improves survival, memory, and healthspan into old age. These gene expression studies were carried out on 12 month-old male C56BL/6 mice from the NIA Aged Rodent Colony, habituated to AIN-93M control diet and then either maintained on this diet or switched for one week to a 75% kcal fat non-ketogenic high-fat diet or a 90% kcal fat ketogenic diet (all diets with 10% kcal from carbohydrates). Tissues were harvested in the middle of the nighttime feeding period (MN-3am).
Project description:Studies have shown the therapeutic effects of a ketogenic diet (KD) on epilepsy, but the effect of KD on drug reinstatement is largely unclear. This study aims to investigate whether KD consumption possesses therapeutic potential for cocaine reinstatement and the molecular mechanism. We find that KD significantly reduce cocaine induced-reinstatement in mice, which is accompanied by a markedly elevated level of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), the most abundant ketone body, in the hippocampus. The underlying mechanism is that β-OHB posttranslationally modify CaMKII-α with β-hydroxybutyrylation, resulting in significant inhibition of T286 autophosphorylation and downregulation of CaMKII activity. Collectively, our results reveal that β-hydroxybutyrylation is a posttranslational modification of CaMKII-α that plays a critical role in mediating the effect of KD consumption in reducing cocaine reinstatement.
Project description:Impaired immunometabolic response in the elderly regulates inflammation-driven COVID-19 severity which confers the greatest risk of mortality. To investigate how aging compromises defense against COVID-19, we developed a model of natural murine beta coronavirus (mCoV) infection with mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (mCoV-A59) that recapitulated majority of hallmarks of COVID-19. Aged mCoV-A59-infected mice have increased mortality and higher systemic inflammation in the heart, adipose tissue and hypothalamus, including neutrophilia and loss of γδ T cells in lungs. Ketogenic diet increases beta-hydroxybutyrate, expands tissue protective γδ T cells, deactivates the inflammasome and decreases pathogenic monocytes in lungs during aging. These data underscore the value of mCoV-A59 model to test mechanism and establishes harnessing of ketogenic immunometabolic checkpoint as potential treatment against COVID-19 in the elderly.