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A male Denisovan mandible from Pleistocene Taiwan

ABSTRACT: Denisovans are an extinct hominin group defined by ancient genomes of Middle to Late Pleistocene fossils from southern Siberia. Although genomic evidence suggests their widespread distribution throughout eastern Asia and possibly Oceania, so far only a few fossils from the Altai and Tibet are confidently identified molecularly as Denisovan. We identified a hominin mandible (Penghu 1) from Taiwan (10,000 to 70,000 years ago or 130,000 to 190,000 years ago) as belonging to a male Denisovan by applying ancient protein analysis. We retrieved 4241 amino acid residues and identified two Denisovan-specific variants. The increased fossil sample of Denisovans demonstrates their wider distribution, including warm and humid regions, as well as their shared distinct robust dentognathic traits that markedly contrast with their sister group, Neanderthals.

INSTRUMENT(S): Orbitrap Exploris 480

ORGANISM(S): Homininae Suidae Palaeoloxodon Sp.

TISSUE(S): Dentin, Bone, Tooth Enamel

SUBMITTER: Takumi Tsutaya

LAB HEAD: Frido Welker

PROVIDER: PXD054412 | Pride | 2025-04-09

REPOSITORIES: Pride

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			Action	DRS
	20211124_EXPL5_nLC3_MEM_collab_77min_DDA_Ancient_enamel_2037.raw	Raw
	20211124_EXPL5_nLC3_MEM_collab_77min_DDA_Ancient_enamel_2038.raw	Raw
	20211124_EXPL5_nLC3_MEM_collab_77min_DDA_Ancient_labblank_2036.raw	Raw
	20211206_EXPL2_nLC3_MEM_collab_77min_DDA_Ancient_bone_2052.raw	Raw
	20211206_EXPL2_nLC3_MEM_collab_77min_DDA_Ancient_bone_2053.raw	Raw

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Project description:Pleistocene Pongo teeth show substantial variation in size and morphology, fueling taxonomic debates about the paleodiversity of the genus. We investigated prominent features of the enamel-dentine-junction junction (EDJ) – phylogenetically informative internal structures – of 71 fossil Pongo lower molars from various sites by applying geometric morphometrics and conducted paleoproteomic analyses from enamel proteins to attempt to identify extinct orangutan species. Forty-three orangutan lower molars representing Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii were included for comparison. The shape of the EDJ was analyzed by placing five landmarks on the tip of the main dentine horns, and 142 semilandmarks along the marginal ridges connecting the dentine horns. Paleoproteomic analyses were conducted on 15 teeth of Late Pleistocene Pongo using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The geometric morphometric results show variations in EDJ shape regarding aspects of the height and position of the dentine horns and connecting ridges. Despite the issue of molar position and sample size, modern molars are distinguished from fossil counterparts by their elongated tooth outline and narrowly positioned dentine horns. Proteomic results show that neither a distinction of P. pygmaeus and P. abelii, nor a consistent allocation of fossil specimens to extant species is feasible. Based on the EDJ shape, the (late) Middle to Late Pleistocene Pongo samples from Vietnam share the same morphospace, supporting the previous allocation to P. devosi, although substantial overlap with Chinese fossils could also indicate close affinities with P. weidenreichi. The hypothesis that both species represent one chronospecies cannot be ruled out. Two fossil specimens, one from Tam Hay Marklot (Laos, Late Pleistocene), and another from Sangiran (Java, Early to Middle Pleistocene), along with some specimens within the Punung sample (Java), exhibit affinities with Pongo abelii. The Punung fossils might represent a mix of early Late Pleistocene and later specimens (terminal Pleistocene to Holocene) related to modern Pongo. The taxonomy and phylogeny of the complete Punung sample needs to be further investigated.

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A male Denisovan mandible from Pleistocene Taiwan

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