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Nitric Oxide Regulates Stomatal Development and Stress Responses by S-Nitrosylation-Mediated Inhibiting Phosphorylation of MPK6

ABSTRACT: In plants, stomata on the aerial epidermis play critical roles in various biological processes, including gas exchange, photosynthesis, transpiration, and immunity. Stomatal development is negatively and positively regulated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and nitric oxide (NO), respectively. However, the regulatory scheme of stomatal development by these signaling pathways remains elusive. Here, we show that NO-modulated stomatal development is genetically dependent on MPK3 and MPK6. Moreover, NO-mediated S-nitrosylation of MPK6 at Cys-201 inhibits its phosphorylation, resulting in the stabilization of SPCH, a master regulator of stomatal lineage initiation, thereby promoting stomatal development. Remarkably, a MPK6C201S mutation confers NO insensitivity during stomatal development and stress responses. We propose that NO positively regulates stomatal development and stress responses by the S-nitrosylation-mediated inhibition of the MPK6 activity, thus identifying a mechanism linking the coupled NO-MAPK signaling to specific biological outputs.

INSTRUMENT(S): LTQ Orbitrap Elite

ORGANISM(S): Arabidopsis Thaliana (mouse-ear Cress)

TISSUE(S): Cell Culture

SUBMITTER: Hongyan Guo

LAB HEAD: Jianru Zuo

PROVIDER: PXD055278 | Pride | 2025-02-21

REPOSITORIES: pride

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			Action	DRS
	ZJR_WDF_GSNO_1_20181120.raw	Raw
	ZJR_WDF_GSNO_1_20181120.xlsx	Xlsx
	checksum.txt	Txt

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Project description:Stomata are pores in the epidermis of plants that can open and close and allow for gas exchange vital for photosynthesis and regulate transpiration. Stomatal development is driven by a set of conserved bHLH transcription factors (SPCH, MUTE, FAMA, and their heterodimerization partners ICE1, SCRM2), that initiate and promote progression of cell fates in the stomatal lineage. Due to the shared ancestry of SPCH, MUTE and FAMA (subgroup Ia) and ICE1 and SCRM2 (subgroup IIIb) their DNA binding specificity is similar and there is some functional redundancy. However, individual bHLHs also have unique functions. For example, SPCH is required for initiation of the stomatal lineage, while FAMA is responsible for terminal differentiation of the guard cell pair. In grasses, the stomatal complex comprises the guard cell pair, and two flanking subsidiary cells. Recruitment of the latter from neighboring cell filed during development requires expression of MUTE. Remarkably, while MUTE is absolutely required for the promotion of guard mother cell fate in maize and rice, this is not the case in Brachypodium. This suggests that another TF can at least partially substitute for MUTE in this function. While different expression profiles of the bHLH dimers within the stomatal lineage may partially responsible for distinct functions of each pair, it is likely that each pair forms different transcriptional complexes and that interaction with other transcriptional regulators affects the dimer’s binding DNA binding and gene regulation properties. Given the differences in bHLH function between dicots and grasses and even within the grass family, we were interested in elucidating the protein interaction networks of the stomatal lineage regulators in Brachypodium. To this end, we performed co-immunoprecipitation coupled to LC-MS/MS of BdSPCH2-YFP, YFP-BdMUTE, YFP-BdFAMA, YFP-ICE1 and YFP-SCRM2 from the developmental zone of young B. distachyon leaves using GFP-Trap beads. All YFP-fusion proteins were expressed under the endogenous promoter in the Bd21-3 background. The only exception was BdICE1, which was expressed under the ZmUBI promoter, but was nevertheless mostly restricted to the stomatal lineage. As control lines we use the Bd21-3 wild type and a line expressing 3x YFPnls (nuclear YFP) under the MUTE promoter. Comparison of proteins enriched with the bHLH fusion proteins vs. the controls revealed overlapping and distinct putative interactors, which is in agreement with the assumption that these transcription factors have both shared and unique functions. Notably, in addition to the presumed hetero-dimerization partners, we found a number of other bHLH transcription factors that were identified with one or more of the bait proteins. This suggests the presence of a larger bHLH network acting in the stomatal lineage.

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Nitric Oxide Regulates Stomatal Development and Stress Responses by S-Nitrosylation-Mediated Inhibiting Phosphorylation of MPK6

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