Project description:The four-armed larvae of sea urchin (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) reared under a natural seawater condition and three laboratory-controlled acidified conditions. Transcriptome
Project description:The multiple functions of the wild type Huntington's disease protein of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (Hp-Htt) have been examined using the anti-Hp-Htt antibody (Ab) raised against synthetic oligopeptides. According to immunoblotting, Hp-Htt was detected as a single band at around the 350 kDa region at the swimming blastula stage to the prism larva stage. From the 2-arm pluteus stage (2aPL), however, an additional smaller band at the 165 kDa region appeared. Immunohistochemically, Hp-Htt was detected in the nuclei and the nearby cytoplasm of the ectodermal cells from the swimming blastula stage, and the blastocoelar cells from the mid-gastrula stage. The Ab-positive signal was converged to the ciliary band-associated strand (CBAS). There, it was accompanied by several CBAS-marker proteins in the cytoplasm, such as glutamate decarboxylase. Application of Hp-Htt morpholino (Hp-Htt-MO) has resulted in shortened larval arms, accompanied by decreased 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridin (BrdU) incorporation by the ectodermal cells of the larval arms. Hp-Htt-MO also resulted in lowered ciliary beating activity, accompanied by a disordered swirling pattern formation around the body. These Hp-Htt-MO-induced deficiencies took place after the onset of CBAS system formation at the larval arms. Thus, Hp-Htt is involved in cell proliferation and the ciliary beating pattern regulation signaling system in pluteus larvae.
Project description:The ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signal transmission system (GSTS) contributes to larval swimming through the regulation of ciliary beating. However, whether this system also contributes to the primary podia (PP)-generated motility of juveniles remained unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate the involvement of the GSTS in the motility of metamorphic juveniles (juveniles) (1) by immunohistochemically elucidating the location of molecular constituents of the PP, and (2) by inhibiting the activity of G??? decarboxylase (GAD) with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA). During metamorphosis, the echinus rudiment protrudes its PP out of the body surface in 8-arm plutei. The PP expresses immunopositive signal (-IS) of GAD, GABA, GABAA receptor and tropomyosin, and is constituted with the GABA-IS negative distal tip and the GABA/GAD-IS gaiter region. The latter radiates distal projections to the disc that contains a GAD-IS cellular network. The juvenile body cavity houses a GABA/?III-tubulin-IS Penta-radial ring (PrR) that extends branches into each PP and several bridges to the GAD/GABA-IS Penta-radial plate (PrP) on the oral side but does not reach to the gaiter region. 3-MPA reversibly inhibits the juvenile motility and GABA-IS expression in the PrR/PrP complex. This indicates that the complex is the major contributor to the GABAergic motility in juveniles.
Project description:The orthodenticle-related protein (HpOtx) gene derived from the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus encodes two distinct isoforms, HpOtxE and HpOtxL, which are differentially expressed during early embryogenesis and are driven by TATA-less and TATA-containing promoters, respectively. In order to determine if the TATA element is involved in the establishment of the temporally specific expression profile of the HpOtx gene, reporter genes under the control of modified or wild-type HpOtxE/L promoters were introduced into fertilized eggs. When the activities of the different promoter constructs were examined, we found that deletion of the TATA element from the HpOtxL promoter causes early expression, whereas addition of the TATA element to the HpOtxE promoter causes delayed expression. This suppressive action of the TATA element on transcription from the HpOtxE/L promoters requires the presence of upstream CACGTG elements. These results indicate that the presence or absence of the TATA element determines, at least in part, the expression profile of the HpOtxE/L promoters, in concert with the transcription factor(s) that binds to the upstream CACGTG element. Immunoblot and gel retardation analyses suggest that functional interaction between CACGTG binding factor(s) and TATA factor(s) may be regulated by an unidentified third factor(s) during early embryogenesis in the sea urchin.
Project description:The GABAergic neural circuit is involved in the motile activities of both larval and juvenile sea urchins. Therefore, its function is inherited beyond metamorphosis, despite large scale remodeling of larval organs during that period. However, the initial neural circuit formation mechanism is not well understood, including how glutamate decarboxylase-expressing blastocoelar cells (GADCs) construct the neural circuit along the circumoral ciliary band (a ciliary band-associated strand, CBAS) on the larval body surface. In this study, using whole-mount immunohistochemistry and 3D reconstructed imaging, the ontogenic process of CBAS patterning was studied by focusing on Netrin and the interaction with its receptor, Unc-5. During the early 2-arm pluteus stage, a small number of GADCs egress onto the apical surface of the larval ectoderm. Then, they line up on the circumoral side of the ciliary band, and by being inserted by a further number of GADCs, form longer multicellular strands along the Netrin stripe. Application of a synthetic peptide, CRFNMELYKLSGRKSGGVC of Hp-Netrin, that binds to the immunoglobulin domain of Unc-5 during the prism stage, causes stunted CBAS formation due to inhibition of GADC egression. This also results in reduced ciliary beating. Thus, the Netrin/Unc-5 interaction is involved in the construction and function of the CBAS.
Project description:In order to more accurately discover the cause of drug resistance in tumor treatment, and to provide a new basis for precise treatment.
Therefore, based on the umbrella theory of precision medicine, we carried out this single-center, prospective, and observational study to include patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. By combining genome, transcriptome, and proteomic sequencing data, we established a basis for colorectal cancer liver Transfer the multi-omics data of the sample, describe the reason for the resistance of the first-line treatment, and search for new therapeutic targets.