Candidatus Phytoplasma mali strain:strain AT
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PROVIDER: PRJEA25335 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:Causative agent of Australian grapevine yellows disease
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Project description:Genome sequencing of Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae, the causative agent of Napier Grass Stunt disease
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Project description:BackgroundPhytoplasmas are insect-transmitted, uncultivable bacterial plant pathogens that cause diseases in hundreds of economically important plants. They represent a monophyletic group within the class Mollicutes (trivial name mycoplasmas) and are characterized by a small genome with a low GC content, and the lack of a firm cell wall. All mycoplasmas, including strains of 'Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma asteris' and 'Ca. P. australiense', examined so far have circular chromosomes, as is the case for almost all walled bacteria.ResultsOur work has shown that 'Ca. Phytoplasma mali', the causative agent of apple proliferation disease, has a linear chromosome. Linear chromosomes were also identified in the closely related provisional species 'Ca. P. pyri' and 'Ca. P. prunorum'. The chromosome of 'Ca. P. mali' strain AT is 601,943 bp in size and has a GC content of 21.4%. The chromosome is further characterized by large terminal inverted repeats and covalently closed hairpin ends. Analysis of the protein-coding genes revealed that glycolysis, the major energy-yielding pathway supposed for 'Ca. P. asteris', is incomplete in 'Ca. P. mali'. Due to the apparent lack of other metabolic pathways present in mycoplasmas, it is proposed that maltose and malate are utilized as carbon and energy sources. However, complete ATP-yielding pathways were not identified. 'Ca. P. mali' also differs from 'Ca. P. asteris' by a smaller genome, a lower GC content, a lower number of paralogous genes, fewer insertions of potential mobile DNA elements, and a strongly reduced number of ABC transporters for amino acids. In contrast, 'Ca. P. mali' has an extended set of genes for homologous recombination, excision repair and SOS response than 'Ca. P. asteris'.ConclusionThe small linear chromosome with large terminal inverted repeats and covalently closed hairpin ends, the extremely low GC content and the limited metabolic capabilities reflect unique features of 'Ca. P. mali', not only within phytoplasmas, but all mycoplasmas. It is expected that the genome information obtained here will contribute to a better understanding of the reduced metabolism of phytoplasmas, their fastidious nutrition requirements that prevented axenic cultivation, and the mechanisms involved in pathogenicity.
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Project description:Candidatus Phytoplasma mali overview
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Project description:Causative agent of huanglongbing (citrus greening disease)
| PRJNA29835 | ENA
Project description:miRNAs were important regulators involving in plant-pathogen interactions. However, their roles in apple response to Valsa canker pathogen (Valsa mali, Vm) infection were poorly understood. In this study, we constructed two miRNA libraries using the bark tissues of apple twig (Malus domestica Borkh “Fuji”) inoculated with Vm (IVm) and PDA medium (control, BMd). Among the all miRNAs, 23 miRNAs were specifically isolated in BMd and 39 miRNAs were specifically isolated in IVm. Compared with BMd, the expression of 294 miRNAs decreased, and 172 miRNAs increased in IVm, respectively. We also identified the target genes of these miRNAs using degradome sequencing technology. In total, 353 differentially expressed miRNAs during the pathogen infection were detected to target 1 077 unigenes with 2 251 cleavage sites. Based on GO and KEGG analysis, the genes were found to be mainly related to transcription regulation and signal transduction. We further selected 17 miRNAs and 22 corresponding target genes to detect the expression profiles during pathogen infection. The results indicate that most of them are involved in apple twig-Vm interaction. What’s more, miRNAs and their corresponding target genes seem to regulate the apple twig-Vm interaction by forming many complicated regulation networks. It is worth that a conserved miRNAs mdm-miR482b, which was down regulated in IVm compared with BMd, has 14 potential target genes, and most of them were disease resistance related genes. More important, the feedback regulation of sRNA pathway in apple twig was much more complex and critical in the interaction between apple bark tissue and V. mali. The results provide insights into the crucial functions of miRNAs in the woody plant, apple tree-Vm interaction.
2017-10-11 | GSE104752 | GEO
Project description:'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' is a phytopathogenic bacterium of the family Acholeplasmataceae assigned to the class Mollicutes. This causative agent of the apple proliferation colonizes in Malus domestica the sieve tubes of the plant phloem resulting in a range of symptoms such as witches'--broom formation, reduced vigor and affecting size and quality of the crop. The disease is responsible for strong economical losses in Europe. Although the genome sequence of the pathogen is available, there is only limited information on expression of selected genes and metabolic key features that have not been examined on the transcriptomic or proteomic level so far. This situation is similar to many other phytoplasmas. In the work presented here, RNA-Seq and mass spectrometry shotgun techniques were applied on tissue samples from Nicotiana occidentalis infected by 'Ca. P. mali' strain AT providing insights into transcriptome and proteome of the pathogen. Data analysis highlights expression of 208 genes including 14 proteins located in the terminal inverted repeats of the linear chromosome. Beside a high portion of house keeping genes, the recently discussed chaperone GroES/GroEL is expressed. Furthermore, gene expression involved in formation of a type IVB and of the Sec-dependent secretion system was identified as well as the highly expressed putative pathogenicity-related SAP11-like effector protein. Metabolism of phytoplasmas depends on the uptake of spermidine/putescine, amino acids, co-factors, carbohydrates and in particular malate/citrate. The expression of these transporters was confirmed and the analysis of the carbohydrate cycle supports the suggested alternative energy-providing pathway for phytoplasmas releasing acetate and providing ATP. The phylogenetic analyses of malate dehydrogenase and acetate kinase in phytoplasmas show a closer relatedness to the Firmicutes in comparison to Mycoplasma species indicating an early divergence of the Acholeplasmataceae from the Mollicutes.
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Project description:Candidatus Phytoplasma mali isolate:Tabriz1 Genome sequencing and assembly
| PRJNA804530 | ENA
Project description:'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', is a bacterial pathogen associated with the so-called apple proliferation disease in Malus × domestica. The pathogen manipulates its host with a set of effector proteins, among them SAP11CaPm, which shares similarity to SAP11AYWB from 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'. SAP11AYWB interacts and destabilizes the class II CIN transcription factors of Arabidopsis thaliana, namely AtTCP4 and AtTCP13 as well as the class II CYC/TB1 transcription factor AtTCP18, also known as BRANCHED1 being an important factor for shoot branching. It has been shown that SAP11CaPm interacts with the Malus × domestica orthologues of AtTCP4 (MdTCP25) and AtTCP13 (MdTCP24), but an interaction with MdTCP16, the orthologue of AtTCP18, has never been proven. The aim of this study was to investigate this potential interaction and close a knowledge gap regarding the function of SAP11CaPm. A Yeast two-hybrid test and Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in planta revealed that SAP11CaPm interacts with MdTCP16. MdTCP16 is known to play a role in the control of the seasonal growth of perennial plants and an increase of MdTCP16 gene expression has been detected in apple leaves in autumn. In addition to this, MdTCP16 is highly expressed during phytoplasma infection. Binding of MdTCP16 by SAP11CaPm might lead to the induction of shoot proliferation and early bud break, both of which are characteristic symptoms of apple proliferation disease.
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Project description:A draft genome sequence is presented for a strain of "Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris" affecting canola plants in Saskatoon, Canada. This phytopathogenic bacterium was determined to be a 16SrI strain and features 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequence heterogeneity.
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