Project description:Akkermansia muciniphila, a candidate for next-generation probiotics, can be classified into several clades with distinct genomic divergence. However, the global distribution and population structure of clade-typed A. muciniphila remain poorly understood. Here, we report on the predominance of single A. muciniphila clades in humans globally. We found that the predominance of the A. muciniphila clade is dynamically regulated by the balance between inter-clade inhibitory and pre-occupancy effects. A. muciniphila clade II (AmII)-derived extracellular vesicles exhibited a unilateral inhibitory effect on the growth of AmI. Clade-specific IgA responses were induced by each clade. AmII clade-specific IgAs, also induced by extracellular vesicles, facilitate the competitive exclusion of AmI. Our findings help toward the development of personalized intervention strategies for A. muciniphila, considering a subject’s A. muciniphila type.
Project description:DAP-seq was used to generate genome-wide DNA:TF interaction maps for fourteen maize ARFs from the evolutionarily conserved class A ‘activator’ and class B ‘repressor’ clades. Among the distinct binding sites that were identified, we observed a high degree of overlap for ARFs of the same class, but found substantial differences in motif sequence, spacing, site preference, and association with auxin induced genes among clade A and clade B ARFs.
Project description:Background Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are widely circulating in North America with unprecedented transmission into novel host species. A high incidence of neurologic disease is observed in carnivores infected with clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses and historical outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 in humans are also associated with neurologic complications, raising concerns about neurotropism and neurovirulence of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses. Methods We analyzed virus replication kinetics, cellular tropism, and host responses to infection in human cerebral organoids (hCOs) inoculated with clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses compared to a historical clade 1 HPAI H5N1 virus and a seasonal influenza A virus. Results HPAI H5N1 viruses replicated to high titers in hCOs, but replication of the seasonal influenza A virus was not detected. Viral antigen and RNA were detected primarily in neuron- and astrocyte-like cells. Interferon responses to infection with HPAI H5N1 viruses were observed in a small population of bystander cells. Higher levels of cell death and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were observed in organoids inoculated with the historical HPAI H5N1 isolate. Conclusions Clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses exhibit similar neurotropism compared to a historical clade 1 HPAI H5N1 virus. Lower levels of cell death and inflammatory cytokine production induced by clade 2.3.4.4b viruses may indicate reduced neuropathogenic potential of these viruses in humans.
Project description:Candida auris clade III isolate B12039 was spread on YPD plate supplemented with 128 µg/ml fluconazole. Randomly 39 adaptors were chosen for further analysis. We did sequencing of them as as well as the parent.
Project description:Candida auris clade III isolate B11221 was spread on YPD plate supplemented with 8 µg/ml tunicamycin. Randomly 18 adaptors were chosen for further analysis. We did sequencing of these 18 adaptors as well as the parent.
