Carbonic anhydrases: An ancient tool in calcareous sponge biomineralization
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJEB41034 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
Dataset's files
| Action | DRS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ERR5523721_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| ERR5523721_2.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| ERR5523723_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| ERR5523723_2.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz |
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Project description:Enzymes of the α-carbonic anhydrase gene family (CAs) are essential for the deposition of calcium carbonate biominerals. In calcareous sponges (phylum Porifera, class Calcarea), specific CAs are involved in the formation of calcite spicules, a unique trait and synapomorphy of this class. However, detailed studies on the CA repertoire of calcareous sponges exist for only two species of one of the two Calcarea subclasses, the Calcaronea. The CA repertoire of the second subclass, the Calcinea, has not been investigated so far, leaving a considerable gap in our knowledge about this gene family in Calcarea. Here, using transcriptomic analysis, phylogenetics, and in situ hybridization, we study the CA repertoire of four additional species of calcareous sponges, including three from the previously unsampled subclass Calcinea. Our data indicate that the last common ancestor of Calcarea had four ancestral CAs with defined subcellular localizations and functions (mitochondrial/cytosolic, membrane-bound, and secreted non-catalytic). The evolution of membrane-bound and secreted CAs involved gene duplications and losses, whereas mitochondrial/cytosolic and non-catalytic CAs are evidently orthologous genes. Mitochondrial/cytosolic CAs are biomineralization-specific genes recruited for biomineralization in the last common ancestor of calcareous sponges. The spatial-temporal expression of these CAs differs between species, which may reflect differences between subclasses or be related to the secondary thickening of spicules during biomineralization that does not occur in all species. With this study, we extend the understanding of the role and the evolution of a key biomineralization gene in calcareous sponges.
| S-EPMC8058475 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: Calcium carbonate biominerals form often complex and beautiful skeletal elements, including coral exoskeletons and mollusc shells. Although the ability to generate these carbonate structures was apparently gained independently during animal evolution, it sometimes involves the same gene families. One of the best-studied of these gene families comprises the ?- carbonic anhydrases (CAs), which catalyse the reversible transformation of CO2 to HCO3 - and fulfill many physiological functions. Among Porifera -the oldest animal phylum with the ability to produce skeletal elements- only the class of calcareous sponges can build calcitic spicules, which are the extracellular products of specialized cells, the sclerocytes. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms of their synthesis, but inhibition studies suggest an essential role of CAs. In order to gain insight into the evolution and function of CAs in biomineralization of a basal metazoan species, we determined the diversity and expression of CAs in the calcareous sponges Sycon ciliatum and Leucosolenia complicata by means of genomic screening, RNA-Seq and RNA in situ hybridization expression analysis. Active biomineralization was located with calcein-staining. RESULTS: We found that the CA repertoires of two calcareous sponge species are strikingly more complex than those of other sponges. By characterizing their expression patterns, we could link two CAs (one intracellular and one extracellular) to the process of calcite spicule formation in both studied species. The extracellular biomineralizing CAs seem to be of paralogous origin, a finding that advises caution against assuming functional conservation of biomineralizing genes based upon orthology assessment alone. Additionally, calcareous sponges possess acatalytic CAs related to human CAs X and XI, suggesting an ancient origin of these proteins. Phylogenetic analyses including CAs from genomes of all non-bilaterian phyla suggest multiple gene losses and duplications and presence of several CAs in the last common ancestor of metazoans. CONCLUSIONS: We identified two key biomineralization enzymes from the CA-family in calcareous sponges and propose their possible interaction in spicule formation. The complex evolutionary history of the CA family is driven by frequent gene diversification and losses. These evolutionary patterns likely facilitated the numerous events of independent recruitment of CAs into biomineralization within Metazoa.
| S-EPMC4265532 | biostudies-literature
Project description:cea05-01_carbonic-anhydrase - carbonic anhydrase (1 or 2) simple or double mutants - Identification of genes differentially expressed in leaves of single CA1 and CA2 T-DNA insertional mutants and in the corresponding double mutant vs wild type - CA1 (At3g01500) and CA2 (At5g14740) T-DNA insertional mutant lines, the double (CA1+CA2) mutant and wild type Arabidopsis seeds were sown in soil in a phytotron. Leaves were harvested 40 days later for RNA extraction
2012-03-25 | GSE36625 | GEO
Project description:In Nannochloropsis oceanica IMET1, transcript knockdown of a cytosolic carbonic anhydrase (CA2; g2018) specifically inhibited by HC resulted in ~45%, ~30% and ~40% elevation of photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate, growth rate and biomass accumulation rate under high CO2 (5% ), respectively. This CA2-knockdown mutant is demonated as M2. To probe mechanistic links underlying the mutant (M2; RNAi-knockdown line of carbonic anhydrase (CA2)) phenotypes, temporal transcriptomic profiles are compared between RNAi-knockdown line of carbonic anhydrase (CA2) and WT, at 12 h and 24h under high CO2 (5%).
2020-10-28 | GSE115445 | GEO
Project description:cea05-01_carbonic-anhydrase - carbonic anhydrase (1 or 2) simple or double mutants - Identification of genes differentially expressed in leaves of single CA1 and CA2 T-DNA insertional mutants and in the corresponding double mutant vs wild type - CA1 (At3g01500) and CA2 (At5g14740) T-DNA insertional mutant lines, the double (CA1+CA2) mutant and wild type Arabidopsis seeds were sown in soil in a phytotron. Leaves were harvested 40 days later for RNA extraction 6 dye-swap - gene knock out
2012-03-25 | E-GEOD-36625 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:The aim of this experiment was to assess the impact on the transcriptome of relocalisaiton of carbonic anhydrase activity from the chloroplast to the cytosol in Oryza sativa, ssp. japonica, cv. Kitaake. Four genome edited lines and one wil-type control line were analysed.
2024-06-10 | E-MTAB-14111 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Circulating hemocytes in the hemolymph represent the backbone of innate immunity in bivalves. Hemocytes are also found in the extrapallial fluid (EPF), the space delimited between the shell and the mantle, which is the site of shell biomineralization. This study investigated the transcriptome, proteome, and function of hemocytes found in the EPF and hemolymph in the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria. Total and differential hemocyte counts were similar between EPF and hemolymph. Overexpressed genes in the EPF were found to have domains previously identified as being part of the biomineralization toolkit and involved in bivalve shell formation. Biomineralization related genes included chitin-metabolism genes, carbonic anhydrase, perlucin, and insoluble shell matrix protein genes. Overexpressed genes in the EPF encoded proteins present at higher abundances in the EPF proteome, specifically those related to shell formation such as carbonic anhydrase and insoluble shell matrix proteins. Genes coding for bicarbonate and ion transporters were also overexpressed, suggesting that EPF hemocytes are involved in regulating the availability of ions critical for biomineralization. Functional assays also showed that Ca2+ content of hemocytes in the EPF were significantly higher than those in hemolymph, supporting the idea that hemocytes serve as a source of Ca2+ during biomineralization. Overexpressed genes and proteins also contained domains such as C1q that have dual functions in biomineralization and immune response. The percent of phagocytic granulocytes was not significantly different between EPF and hemolymph. Together, these findings suggest that hemocytes in EPF have dual functions of biomineralization and immunity.
2022-01-09 | MSV000088664 | MassIVE
Project description:Carbonic anhydrase 13 decreases bone metastasis of iCSCL-10A breast cancer stem cells
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Project description:Carbonic Anhydrase 2 is Required for Maintaining Metabolic Homeostasis of Human Articular Chondrocytes
| PRJNA762934 | ENA
Project description:This work shows that calcareous benthic foraminifera are capable of agglutinating sedimentary particles also. In particular, we focus on Melonis barleeanus. Traditionally considered a calcareous species, our data revealed the presence of minute (~3 μm) sedimentary particles (silicate grains) inside the chamber walls of the examined shells. These particles were arranged in a definitive and systematic pattern, and the similar grain chemical characterization and size suggested a relatively high degree of selectivity in both modern and fossil specimens. Based on these results, we propose that M. barleeanus is capable of agglutinating sedimentary particles during the formation of a new chamber. The analysis of other calcareous foraminiferal species (e.g., Cassidulina neoteretis, Lobatula lobatula, Nonionella stella) did not reveal the presence of silicate grains in the shell of the specimens analyzed confirming this to be a characteristic of M. barleeanus. Considering that the isotopic and chemical composition of this species is widely used in paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic reconstructions, we used a mixing model to better constrain the influence of sedimentary particles on M. barleeanus δ18O data. Our model showed that the calcite δ18O would increase by ~0.9-2‰ if 10 wt% of feldspars (i.e., anorthite, albite, orthoclase) and quartz, respectively, were included in the analyzed shell. Based on these results, we emphasize that it is of paramount importance to consider M. barleeanus unusual biomineralization strategy during the interpretation of geological records and to investigate the presence of similar processes in other calcareous foraminiferal species.
| S-EPMC6033919 | biostudies-literature