Maternal diet shapes infant microbiota and defensive capacity against infections in early life via differential breast milk composition
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PROVIDER: PRJEB67941 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:Evolution of defensive and pathogenic microbes in their host.
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Project description:Respiratory defensive behaviors, like coughing, play a crucial role in protecting the respiratory system, ensuring its integrity and optimal function. How these critical behaviors are regulated by sensory stimuli within the body remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in mice, a key hub in the brain for processing internal sensory signals and mediating interoceptive processes, contains heterogenous neuronal populations that differentially control breathing. Within these subtypes, activation of tachykinin 1 (Tac1) neurons triggers a specific respiratory behavior. Our detailed characterization of respiratory defensive behaviors reveals that these responses are cough-like behaviors. Chemogenetic silencing or genetic ablation of Tac1 neurons significantly reduces cough-like behaviors induced by tussive challenges. These Tac1 neurons receive synaptic inputs from the bronchopulmonary chemosensory and mechanosensory neurons in the vagal ganglion, and directly integrate the medullary regions to control sequential phases of cough-like defensive behaviors. We propose that these Tac1 neurons are a key component of the airway-vagal-brain neural circuit that controls cough-like defensive behaviors in mice, and they coordinate the downstream modular circuits to elicit the sequential motor pattern of forceful expiratory responses.
2024-06-05 | GSE268741 | GEO
Project description:This SuperSeries is composed of the following subset Series: GSE39108: UNG shapes the specifity of AID-induced somatic hypermutation in non B cells GSE39114: UNG shapes the specifity of AID-induced somatic hypermutation in B cells Refer to individual Series
2012-07-04 | E-GEOD-39115 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Maternal investment directly shapes early developmental conditions and therefore has long-term fitness consequences for the offspring. In oviparous species prenatal maternal investment is fixed at the time of laying. To ensure the best survival chances for most of their offspring, females must equip their eggs with the resources required to perform well under various circumstances, yet the actual mechanisms remain unknown. Here we describe the blue tit egg albumen and yolk proteome and evaluate its potential to mediate maternal effects. We show that variation in egg composition (proteins, lipids, carotenoids) primarily depends on laying order, female age and paternity (within- versus extra-pair) and that the investment in the egg proteome is functionally biased among eggs. Our results suggest that maternal effects on egg composition result from both passive and active (partly compensatory) mechanisms, and that the between- and within-clutch variation in egg composition creates diverse biochemical environments for embryonic development.
2019-01-07 | PXD009822 | Pride
Project description:The transition to parasitism is a drastic shift in lifestyle, involving rapid changes in gene structure, function, and expression. Evolutionarily 'young' parasites are ideal models for the elucidation of the early steps of this transition. After the establishment of an antagonistic relationship, parasite and host co-evolve through reciprocal adaptations resulting in an evolutionary arms-race. Repeated evolution of social parasitism and slavery among Temnothorax ants allows us to examine gene expression patterns characterizing slavemaker raiding and reciprocal host defensive behavior. Previous studies of Temnothorax provide evidence for co-evolving adaptations between parasites and hosts, as well as diverging raiding strategies between slavemakers. However, under parasite pressure, host defense portfolios shift similarly, suggesting diverging evolution of defensive traits. Through comparative gene expression analyses, we find that slavemaker raiding behavior is characterized by a down-regulation of numerous genes relative to their non-raiding state. Moreover, only a small number of genes shared expression between slavemaking species. In contrast, hosts possess a higher ratio of commonly-to-privately over-expressed genes and metabolic pathways during raids, suggesting that genes of similar function control defensive behavior. Additionally, a number of candidate genes were identified, each potentially playing a major role in shaping slavemaker- and host-specific behaviors. Finally, in two slavemaking species, functional enrichment analyses indicate that genes over-expressed during raiding behavior are associated with ribosomal structure, oxidation-reduction, and metabolic processes. Overall, our analysis revealed evidence for divergent evolution among closely-related ant species, where species-specific gene expression characterize raiding and defensive behavior.
2017-07-01 | GSE95604 | GEO
Project description:Plants display extensive intraspecific variation in secondary metabolites. However, the selective forces shaping this diversity remain often unknown, especially below ground. Using Taraxacum officinale and its major native insect root herbivore Melolontha melolontha, we tested whether below-ground herbivores drive intraspecific variation in root secondary metabolites. We found that high M. melolontha infestation levels over recent decades are associated with high concentrations of major root latex secondary metabolites across 21 central European T. officinale field populations. By cultivating offspring of these populations, we show that both heritable variation and phenotypic plasticity contribute to the observed differences. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the production of the sesquiterpene lactone taraxinic acid ?-D-glucopyranosyl ester (TA-G) is costly in the absence, but beneficial in the presence of M. melolontha, resulting in divergent selection of TA-G. Our results highlight the role of soil-dwelling insects for the evolution of plant defences in nature.
| S-EPMC4822473 | biostudies-literature
Project description:studying the early life infant metagenomes
| PRJEB51238 | ENA
Project description:BackgroundBreastfed infants have lower disease risk compared to formula-fed infants, however, the mechanisms behind this protection are unknown. Human milk has a complex lipidome which may have many critical roles in health and disease risk. However, human milk lipidomics is challenging, and research is still required to fully understand the lipidome and to interpret and translate findings. This study aimed to address key human milk lipidome knowledge gaps and discuss possible implications for early life health.MethodsHuman milk samples from two birth cohorts, the Barwon Infant Study (n = 312) and University of Western Australia birth cohort (n = 342), were analysed using four liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods (lipidome, triacylglycerol, total fatty acid, alkylglycerol). Bovine, goat, and soy-based infant formula, and bovine and goat milk were analysed for comparison. Composition was explored as concentrations, relative abundance, and infant lipid intake. Statistical analyses included principal component analysis, mixed effects modelling, and correlation, with false discovery rate correction, to explore human milk lipidome longitudinal trends and inter and intra-individual variation, differences between sample types, lipid intakes, and correlations between infant plasma and human milk lipids.ResultsLipidomics analysis identified 979 lipids. The human milk lipidome was distinct from that of infant formula and animal milk. Ether lipids were of particular interest, as they were significantly higher, in concentration and relative abundance, in human milk than in formula and animal milk, if present in the latter samples at all. Many ether lipids were highest in colostrum, and some changed significantly through lactation. Significant correlations were identified between human milk and infant circulating lipids (40% of which were ether lipids), and specific ether lipid intake by exclusively breastfed infants was 200-fold higher than that of an exclusively formula-fed infant.ConclusionThere are marked differences between the lipidomes of human milk, infant formula, and animal milk, with notable distinctions between ether lipids that are reflected in the infant plasma lipidome. These findings have potential implications for early life health, and may reveal why breast and formula-fed infants are not afforded the same protections. Comprehensive lipidomics studies with outcomes are required to understand the impacts on infant health and tailor translation.
| S-EPMC10499237 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEvidence linking breastfeeding to reduced risk of developing childhood obesity is inconclusive, yet previous studies have not considered variation in specific components of breast milk that may affect early development.ObjectiveWe examined whether differences in the composition of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) correlate with infant growth and body composition at 1 and 6 mo of age.DesignTwenty-five mother-infant dyads were recruited from the University Hospital at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Infants were breastfed for 6 mo. Breast-milk and infant measures were obtained at 1 and 6 mo of infant age. HMO composition was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and infant growth (length and weight) and body composition (percentage fat, total fat, lean mass) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Relations between HMOs and infant growth and body composition were examined by using multiple linear regression. A priori covariates included maternal prepregnancy body mass index, pregnancy weight gain, and infant age and sex.ResultsHigher HMO diversity and evenness at 1 mo were associated with lower total and percentage fat mass at 1 mo. At 1 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP) I was associated with a 0.40-kg lower infant weight (P = 0.03). At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in LNFPI was associated with a 1.11-kg lower weight (P = 0.03) and a 0.85-g lower lean mass (P = 0.01). At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in LNFPI was associated with a 0.79-g lower fat mass (P = 0.02), whereas disialyl-lacto-N-tetraose and LNFPII were associated with a 1.92-g (P = 0.02) and 0.42-g (P = 0.02) greater fat mass, respectively. At 6 mo, each 1-μg/mL increase in fucosyl-disialyl-lacto-N-hexaose and lacto-N-neotetraose was associated with 0.04% higher (P = 0.03) and 0.03% lower (P < 0.01) body fat, respectively.ConclusionThese findings support the hypothesis that differences in HMO composition in mother's milk are associated with infant growth and body composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02535637.
| S-EPMC6546222 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A vagal-brainstem interoceptive circuit for cough-like defensive behaviors in mice
| PRJNA1118360 | ENA