YTHDF1 loss in dendritic cells potentiates radiationinduced antitumor immunity via STING-dependent type I IFN production
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PROVIDER: PRJNA1135674 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:The RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) reader YTHDF1 is implicated in cancer etiology and progression. We discovered that radiotherapy (RT) increased YTHDF1 expression in dendritic cells (DCs) of PBMCs from patients with cancer, but not in other immune cells tested. Elevated YTHDF1 expression in DCs was associated with poor outcomes for patients receiving RT. We found that loss of Ythdf1 in DCs enhanced the antitumor effects of ionizing radiation (IR) by increasing the cross-priming capacity of DCs across multiple murine cancer models. Mechanistically, IR upregulated YTHDF1 expression in DCs through stimulator of IFN genes/type I IFN (STING/IFN-I) signaling. YTHDF1 in turn triggered STING degradation by increasing lysosomal cathepsins, thereby reducing IFN-I production. We created a YTHDF1 deletion/inhibition prototype DC vaccine that significantly improved the therapeutic effect of RT and radioimmunotherapy in a murine melanoma model. Our findings reveal a layer of regulation between YTHDF1/m6A and STING in response to IR, which opens new paths for the development of YTHDF1-targeting therapies.
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Project description:The innate immune system is equipped with multiple receptors to detect microbial nucleic acids and induce type I interferon (IFN) to restrict viral replication. When dysregulated these receptor pathways induce inflammation in response to host nucleic acids and promote development and persistence of autoimmune diseases like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). IFN production is regulated by the Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) transcription factor family of proteins that function downstream of several innate immune receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING). Although both TLRs and STING activate the same downstream molecules, the pathway by which TLRs and STING activate IFN response are thought to be independent. Here we show that STING plays a previously undescribed role in human TLR8 signaling. Stimulation with the TLR8 ligands induced IFN secretion in primary human monocytes, and inhibition of STING reduced IFN secretion from primary monocytes from 8 healthy donors. We demonstrate that TLR8-induced IRF activity was reduced by STING inhibitors. Moreover, TLR8-induced IRF activity was blocked by inhibition or loss of IKKε, but not TBK1. Bulk RNA transcriptomic analysis supported a model where TLR8 induces transcriptional responses associated with SLE that can be downregulated by inhibition of STING. These data demonstrate that STING is required for full TLR8-to-IRF signaling and provide evidence for a new framework of crosstalk between cytosolic and endosomal innate immune receptors, which could be leveraged to treat IFN driven autoimmune diseases.
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Project description:Type I interferon (IFN) signalling is tightly controlled. Upon recognition of DNA by cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING) translocates along the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi axis to induce IFN signalling. Afterwards, signal termination is achieved through autophagic degradation of STING, or STING recycling by retrograde COPI-mediated transport. Here we identify the GTPase ARF1 as a negative regulator of cGAS-STING signaling. Heterozygous ARF1 missense mutations cause a novel type I interferonopathy associated with enhanced IFN stimulated gene production. Expression of patient-derived, GTPase-defective, ARF1 in cell lines and primary cells results in increased cGAS-STING dependent type I IFN signalling. Mechanistically, mutated ARF1 both induces activation of cGAS by aberrant mitochondrial DNA, and promotes accumulation of active STING at the Golgi/ERGIC due to defective COPI retrograde transport. Our data establish ARF1 as a key factor in cGAS-STING homeostasis, which is required to maintain mitochondrial integrity and promote STING recycling.
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Project description:Type I interferon (IFN) response is the most recognized signaling activity of STING, and IFN signaling is commonly believed to be the major (if not the sole) contributor to STING-mediated anti-viral and anti-cancer responses. Here, we genetically mutated mouse Sting serine 365 residue that is critically required for initiating IFN signaling. Sting-S365A mutation in mice precisely ablated IFN-dependent while preserving IFN-independent activities of STING. To our surprise, StingS365A/S365A mice protected against HSV-1 infection remarkably well, similar to wild type mice, while Sting–/– mice succumbed to infection very quickly. This challenges the current prevailing view and suggests that STING controls HSV-1 infection through IFN-independent activities. Transcriptomic analysis of wild type, Sting–/– and StingS365A/S365A macrophages and T cells stimulated with Sting agonist DMXAA revealed widespread IFN-independent activities of STING in both cell types and identified many T cell effector functions that are activated by STING independently of IFN. In mouse tumor models, we found that T cells in the tumor experience substantial cell death that was in part mediated by STING. Adoptively transferred Sting–/– T cells were more resistant to cell death in the tumor leading to more effective tumor control compared to wild type and StingS365A/S365A T cells. Together, our data demonstrate that mammalian STING possesses widespread IFN-independent activities that are functionally important for restricting Type I interferon (IFN) response is the most recognized signaling activity of STING, and IFN signaling is commonly believed to be the major (if not the sole) contributor to STING-mediated anti-viral and anti-cancer responses. Here, we genetically mutated mouse Sting serine 365 residue that is critically required for initiating IFN signaling. Sting-S365A mutation in mice precisely ablated IFN-dependent while preserving IFN-independent activities of STING. To our surprise, StingS365A/S365A mice protected against HSV-1 infection remarkably well, similar to wild type mice, while Sting–/– mice succumbed to infection very quickly. This challenges the current prevailing view and suggests that STING controls HSV-1 infection through IFN-independent activities. Transcriptomic analysis of wild type, Sting–/– and StingS365A/S365A macrophages and T cells stimulated with Sting agonist DMXAA revealed widespread IFN-independent activities of STING in both cell types and identified many T cell effector functions that are activated by STING independently of IFN. In mouse tumor models, we found that T cells in the tumor experience substantial cell death that was in part mediated by STING. Adoptively transferred Sting–/– T cells were more resistant to cell death in the tumor leading to more effective tumor control compared to wild type and StingS365A/S365A T cells. Together, our data demonstrate that mammalian STING possesses widespread IFN-independent activities that are functionally important for restricting HSV-1 infection, tumor immune evasion and likely also adaptive T cell immunity.
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Project description:STING is essential for TLR8 induced IFN
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Project description:Ionizing radiation promotes cytosolic DNA sensing and consequent antitumor immune responses. But how tumor cell-intrinsic cytosolic DNA sensing is initiated by radiation remains poorly defined. Here, we demonstrated that STING-mediated type I interferon production in tumor cells after radiation relied on the engagement of MLKL-mediated necroptosis, which was elicited by the ZBP1-RIPK3 signaling axis. Physiologically, tumor cell-intrinsic ZBP1-MLKL cascade augmented antitumor immune responses after radiation largely by regulating STING signaling. Mechanistically, ZBP1-MLKL-dependent necroptosis maintained the enrichment of mitochondria DNA inside the cytosol of tumor cells after radiation in a cell-density dependent fashion, contributing to type I interferon responses. In contrast, ablation of caspase-8 unleashed ZBP1-MLKL cascade to gain enhanced cytosolic DNA sensing, and in turn potentiated therapeutic effects of radiation. Thus, our findings uncover an unanticipated mechanism that ZBP1-MLKL-dependent necroptosis drives cytosolic DNA sensing-mediated antitumor immunity after radiation, and provide new strategy to improve radiotherapy by inhibiting caspase-8 cascade.
2021-10-13 | GSE168016 | GEO
Project description:Emerging evidence emphasizes the important role of tumor neoantigen in generating the spontaneous antitumor immune response and predicting the clinical response to immunotherapies. Despite the presence of numerous neoantigens, complete tumor elimination rarely occurs in majority of patients due to failures in mounting a sufficient and lasting antitumor immunity. Here we show that the durable neoanitgen-specific immunity is regulated by a m6A-binding protein, Ythdf1. In contrast to wild-type mice, Ythdf1-deficient (Ythdf1-/-) mice generate more antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response for persistent tumor control. Loss of Ythdf1 in dendritic cell (DC) results in an enhanced cross-presentation of tumor antigen and cross-priming of CD8+ T cell in vivo. To confirm our observations, we performed RNA-Seq to analyze the transcriptional level of genes in DCs and performed RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP-seq) to locate the binding sites of Ythdf1.
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Project description:Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is characterized by significant lung pathology and extrapulmonary complications. Type I interferons (IFNs) play an essential role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. While rapid induction of type I IFNs limits virus propagation, sustained elevation of type I IFNs in the late phase of the infection is associated with aberrant inflammation and poor clinical outcome. Using proteomic data from a lung-on-chip model revealed that, in addition to macrophages, SARS-CoV-2 infection activates cGAS-STING signalling in endothelial cells through mitochondrial DNA release, leading to cell death and type I IFN production.
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Project description:Emerging evidence emphasizes the important role of tumor neoantigen in generating the spontaneous antitumor immune response and predicting the clinical response to immunotherapies. Despite the presence of numerous neoantigens, complete tumor elimination rarely occurs in majority of patients due to failures in mounting a sufficient and lasting antitumor immunity. Here we show that the durable neoanitgen-specific immunity is regulated by a m6A-binding protein, Ythdf1. In contrast to wild-type mice, Ythdf1-deficient (Ythdf1-/-) mice generate more antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response for persistent tumor control. Loss of Ythdf1 in dendritic cell (DC) results in an enhanced cross-presentation of tumor antigen and cross-priming of CD8+ T cell in vivo. To confirm our observations, we performed Ribo-Seq to analyze the translational efficiency of genes in DCs and performed m6A-seq to locate the m6A sites.
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