Dolutegravir Disrupts Mouse Blood-Brain Barrier by Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
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PROVIDER: PRJNA1204940 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:Dolutegravir (DTG) - based antiretroviral therapy is the contemporary first-line therapy to treat HIV infection. Despite its efficacy, mounting evidence has suggested a higher risk of neuropsychiatric adverse effect (NPAE) associated with DTG use with a limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Our laboratory has previously reported a toxic effect of DTG but not bictegravir (BTG) in disrupting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. The current study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of DTG toxicity. Primary cultures of mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells were treated with DTG and BTG at therapeutic relevant concentrations. RNA-sequencing, qPCR, western blot analysis and cell stress assays (Ca2+ flux, H2DCFDA, TMRE, MTT) were applied to assess the results. The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed an enriched transcriptome signature of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress following DTG treatment. We demonstrated that therapeutic concentrations of DTG but not BTG activated the ER stress sensor proteins (PERK, IRE1, p-IRE1) and downstream ER stress markers (eIF2α, p-eIF2α, Hspa5, Atf4, Ddit3, Ppp1r15a, Xbp1, spliced-Xbp1). In addition, DTG treatment resulted in a transient Ca2+ flux, an aberrant mitochondrial membrane potential, and a significant increase in reactive oxygen species in treated cells. Furthermore, we found that prior treatment of ER sensor inhibitors significantly mitigated the DTG-induced downregulation of tight junction proteins (Zo-1, Ocln, Cldn5) and elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Il6, Il23a, Il12b, Cxcl1, Cxcl2). The current study provides valuable insights into DTG-mediated cellular toxicity mechanisms, which may serve as a potential explanation of DTG-associated NPAEs in the clinic.
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Project description:Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus causing endoplasmic reticulum stress to induce or modulate downstream signaling pathways known as the unfolded protein responses (UPR). The 3A protein of EV-A71 was identified as a major regulator of the UPR caused by infection with EV-A71. To identify the molecular pathways for the 3A protein to regulate the UPR, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) with RD cells expressing the 3A protein. Wild type or defective mutant of 3A protein that carried alanine substitutions of Ile8 or Ile10 (3A-I8A or -I10A) was expressed in the cells. The RNA-seq with cells expressing either WT or mutant 3A was performed.
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Project description:In eukaryotic cells, the spatial regulation of protein expression is frequently conferred through the coupling of mRNA localization and the local control of translation. mRNA localization to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a prominent example of such regulation and serves a ubiquitous role in segregating the synthesis of secretory and integral membrane proteins to the ER. Recent genomic and biochemical studies have now expanded this view to suggest a role for the ER in global protein synthesis. We have utilized cell fractionation and ribosome profiling to obtain a genomic survey of the subcellular organization of mRNA translation and report that ribosomal loading of mRNAs, a proxy for mRNA translation, is biased to the ER. Notably, ER-associated mRNAs encoding both cytosolic and topogenic signal-encoding proteins display similar ribosome loading densities, suggesting that ER-associated ribosomes serve a global role in mRNA translation. We propose that the partitioning of mRNAs and their translation between the cytosol and ER compartments may represent a novel mechanism for the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. HEK293 cells were fractionated between the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum. Within each fraction, ribosome footprints were generated and sequenced. In parallel, total mRNA was sequenced.
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Project description:In eukaryotes, up to one-third of cellular proteins are targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum, where they undergo folding, processing, sorting and trafficking to subsequent endomembrane compartments. Targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum has been shown to occur co-translationally by the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway or post-translationally by the mammalian transmembrane recognition complex of 40 kDa (TRC40) and homologous yeast guided entry of tail-anchored proteins (GET) pathways. Despite the range of proteins that can be catered for by these two pathways, many proteins are still known to be independent of both SRP and GET, so there seems to be a critical need for an additional dedicated pathway for endoplasmic reticulum relay. We set out to uncover additional targeting proteins using unbiased high-content screening approaches. To this end, we performed a systematic visual screen using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and uncovered three uncharacterized proteins whose loss affected targeting. We suggest that these proteins work together and demonstrate that they function in parallel with SRP and GET to target a broad range of substrates to the endoplasmic reticulum. The three proteins, which we name Snd1, Snd2 and Snd3 (for SRP-independent targeting), can synthetically compensate for the loss of both the SRP and GET pathways, and act as a backup targeting system. This explains why it has previously been difficult to demonstrate complete loss of targeting for some substrates. Our discovery thus puts in place an essential piece of the endoplasmic reticulum targeting puzzle, highlighting how the targeting apparatus of the eukaryotic cell is robust, interlinked and flexible.
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Project description:Primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RLPS) is a rare heterogeneous tumor occurring within retroperitoneal space, and its overall survival did not improve much in the past few decades. Based on a small-sample clinical practice at our center, patients with RLPS can greatly benefit from combination of anlotinib and eribulin. In this study, we investigated combinational effect of anlotinib and eribulin on RLPS. Through transcriptome analysis, we uncovered and validated that synergistic effect mainly induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway both in vitro and in vivo.
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Project description:Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene are the most frequent genetic alteration in cancer and often associated with progression from benign to invasive, metastatic stages. Mutations inactivate tumor suppression by p53 and endow the protein with novel gain-of-function (GOF) activities that actively promote tumor progression, metastasis and therapy resistance. By comparative gene expression profiling of p53-mutated and p53-depleted cancer cells we identified ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 5 (ENTPD5) as a mutant p53 (mutp53) target gene. A comprehensive pan-cancer analysis revealed a highly significant correlation between GOF p53 mutations and elevated expression of ENTPD5. Mechanistically, regulation of ENTPD5 by mutp53 is mediated by the histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase COMPASS complex. ENTPD5 has been shown to function in the endoplasmic reticulum as a UDPase to promote the N-glycosylation and folding of membrane proteins such as growth factor receptors and integrins. We show ENTPD5 to be a mediator of mutp53 GOF activity in clonogenic growth, architectural tissue remodeling, migration, invasion, and lung colonization in an experimental metastasis mouse model. Our study reveals N-glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum as a novel mechanism underlying the progression of tumors with mutp53 that could provide new possibilities for treating cancers driven by GOF p53 mutations.
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