Project description:The Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) Consortium is a collaborative international effort to identify genes influencing susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in multiple ethnic groups using next generation sequencing. To fulfill this objective, T2D-GENES Consortium undertook two large sequencing studies, called T2D-GENES Projects 1 and 2. <a href="./study.cgi?study_id=phs000849">Project 1</a> has carried out whole exome sequencing of 12,940 individuals, 6,504 with T2D and 6,436 non-diabetic controls, equally divided among five continental ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, Hispanic Americans, and African Americans. The goal of Project 1 is to identify all genetic variants in the complete coding regions of the genomes (i.e., whole exome) by sequencing, including rare variants. <a href="./study.cgi?study_id=phs000462">Project 2</a> (i.e., SAMAFS substudy 2) is a pedigree-based study designed to identify low frequency or rare variants influencing susceptibility to T2D, using whole genome sequence information from approximately 600 individuals in 20 Mexican American T2D-enriched pedigrees from San Antonio, Texas, augmented with family-based imputation into approximately 440 additional family members. The major objectives of Project 2 are to identify low frequency or rare variants in and around known common variant signals for T2D, as well as to find novel low frequency or rare variants influencing susceptibility to T2D. Both T2D-GENES Projects 1 and 2 involve the San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS), which are composed of four San Antonio, Texas-based family studies: the San Antonio Family Heart Study (SAFHS), San Antonio Family Diabetes/Gallbladder Study (SAFDGS), Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study (VAGES), and Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes - San Antonio (FIND-SA) Component and its extension called the Extended FIND [E-FIND]. The SAFHS and SAFDGS began in 1991 and have followed participants with extensive clinical phenotyping related to T2D for over 20 years. The VAGES was initiated in 1994 and a large battery of T2D-related phenotypic data has been obtained from its participants. The FIND-SA began in 2000, a part of the multicenter FIND study which was designed to identify genetic determinants of diabetic kidney disease; data from its participants related to T2D were used for this project. Non-overlapping subsets of SAMAFS participants are part of the T2D-GENES Projects 1 and 2, henceforth referred to as SAMAFS substudies <a href="./study.cgi?study_id=phs000849">1</a> and <a href="./study.cgi?study_id=phs000462">2</a>, respectively. The SAMAFS substudies 1 and 2 are part of one of the five awards funded by NIDDK under a cooperative agreement award mechanism, which is governed by the Steering Committee of the T2D-GENES Consortium. Since Project 1 relies on population based subsets of cases and controls, 491 unrelated participants are drawn from the four SAMAFS as part of the T2D-GENES Project 1 Mexican American sample (i.e., SAMAFS substudy 1). The whole exome sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute. For Project 2, 1048 individuals are drawn from two SAMAFS (SAFHS and SAFDGS), representing 20 large families for substudy 2. The substudy 2 strategy is to sequence approximately 600 individuals at an average of 50x coverage across the entire genome, then impute genome wide genotypes for about 440 additional family members. The 600 sequenced individuals are specifically chosen for their value in imputing sequence information into other family members. By studying large pedigrees, we expect to find multiple individuals carrying each genetic variant, even if this variant is very rare in the population at large. Thus, a pedigree-based approach provides an excellent opportunity for identifying rare novel variants influencing risk of T2D and quantitative variation in T2D-related phenotypes. The whole genome sequencing has been done commercially by Complete Genomics, Inc. (CGI). The available sample of 1,048 includes 5 sequenced individuals who do not belong to any of the 20 large pedigrees. The final family data of 1,043 individuals includes whole genome sequence data for 607 individuals. After quality control, 590 sequenced individuals provide data for family based imputation using Merlin linkage analysis software into approximately 440 additional family members for whom chip based genotypes are available to indicate which parental haplotype is transmitted. The complete SAMAFS data including phenotype, genotype, sequence, other T2D-related trait data utilized for Projects 1 and 2 are available. These data can readily be viewed by clicking on the substudy title shown below or in the box: "Substudies", located on the right hand side of this parent or top study page phs000847.v1.p1, titled T2D-GENES Consortium: San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS). <ul><li><a href="./study.cgi?study_id=phs000849">phs000849</a> T2D-GENES Project 1: San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS), Substudy 1: Whole Exome Sequencing </li></ul> <ul><li><a href="./study.cgi?study_id=phs000462">phs000462</a> T2D-GENES Project 2: San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS), Substudy 2: Whole Genome Sequencing in Pedigrees</li></ul>

Project description:The Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES) Consortium is a collaborative international effort to identify genes influencing susceptibility to T2D in multiple ethnic groups using next generation sequencing. T2D-GENES Project 2 is a complex pedigree-based study designed to identify low frequency or rare variants influencing susceptibility to T2D, using whole genome sequence (WGS) information from 1,043 individuals in 20 Mexican American T2D-enriched pedigrees from San Antonio, Texas. The major objectives of this study are to identify low frequency or rare variants in and around known common variant signals for T2D, as well as to find novel low frequency or rare variants influencing susceptibility to T2D. The sampled individuals are obtained from two studies: the San Antonio Family Heart Study (SAFHS) and the San Antonio Family Diabetes/Gallbladder Study (SAFDGS), collectively referred to as the San Antonio Mexican American Family Studies (SAMAFS). The strategy is to sequence approximately 600 individuals at an average of 50x coverage across the entire genome, then impute genome wide genotypes for about 440 additional family members. The 600 sequenced individuals are specifically chosen for their value in imputing sequence information into other family members. By studying large pedigrees, we expect to find multiple individuals carrying each genetic variant, even if this variant is very rare in the population at large. Thus, a pedigree-based approach provides an excellent opportunity for identifying rare novel variants influencing risk of T2D and quantitative variation in T2D-related phenotypes. The whole genome sequencing has been done commercially by Complete Genomics, Inc. (CGI). The final data set includes whole genome sequence data for 607 individuals. After quality control, 585 sequenced individuals provide data for family based imputation, using Merlin linkage analysis software, into approximately 440 additional family members for whom chip based genotypes are available to indicate which parental haplotype is transmitted. Extensive phenotype data is provided for 1048 individuals. These include 5 sequenced individuals who do not belong to any of the 20 large pedigrees. Phenotype information was collected between 1991 and 2011 in the two contributing longitudinal studies. SAFHS participants may have information from up to 5 visits, and SAFDGS participants may have up to 4 visits. The clinical variables reported are coordinated with T2D-GENES Project 1 (multi-ethnic exome sequencing) and include T2D status and age at diagnosis, glycemic traits (fasting and 2 hour glucose and insulin), blood pressure, blood lipids (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, calculated LDL cholesterol and triglycerides), clinical chemistry (cystatin c, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody titer (GadAb), creatinine, adiponectin and leptin). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was not measured for these individuals and insulin C-peptide is not included in this data set. Additional phenotype data include the medication status at each visit, classified in four categories as any current use of diabetes, hypertension or lipid-lowering medications, and, for females, current use of female hormones. Anthropometric measurements include age, sex, height, weight, hip circumference, waist circumference and derived ratios. Each phenotype variable has an initial summary column containing the most recent non-missing measurement for each individual, followed by the five potential time points for each individual, the number of non-missing measurements, and the age and year for the most recent non-missing measurement. For historical reasons, the order in which variables are presented on the dbGaP web site differs from their order in the data download file. When reading the comment fields for each variable, please note that commas are omitted to support data exchange in .csv format.

Project description:The ~52,000 sample Type 2 Diabetes Exome Sequencing project is a collaboration of six consortia with various funding mechanisms that have joined together to investigate genetic variants for type 2 diabetes (T2D) using the largest T2D case/control sample set compiled to date. This includes samples from: <ul> <li>Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Exploration by Next-generation sequencing in multi-Ethnic Samples (T2D-GENES)</li> <li>Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes (GoT2D)</li> <li>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</li> <li>Slim Initiative in Genomic Medicine for the Americas: Type 2 Diabetes (SIGMA T2D)</li> <li>Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCAMP)</li> <li>Progress in Diabetes Genetics in Youth (ProDIGY)</li> </ul> This data generated from the SIGMA Diabetes in Mexico Study (DMS) was part of the Slim Initiative in Genomic Medicine for the Americas: Type 2 Diabetes (SIGMA T2D), which is an international research consortium funded by the Carlos Slim Foundation that seeks to identify the genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Mexico and Latin America and translate those findings into improved treatment and prevention of diabetes. The SIGMA T2D project has sequenced and genotyped more than 13,000 samples from Mexican and Mexican Americans. The individuals were obtained from over 20 cohorts across the 6 consortia that are listed in Table 1. The strategy was to perform deep exome sequencing of individuals, 24,991 with T2D and 24,953 controls, divided among five ancestry groups: Europeans, East Asians, South Asians, American Hispanics, and African Americans. The T2D-GENES, ProDIGY and SIGMA studies, sequencing was performed at the Broad Institute using the Agilent v2 capture reagent or Illumina Rapid Capture on Illumina HiSeq machines. Please note that while we summarize the full sample list in publications and below, two of the cohorts below are not in dbGAP, due to the samples not being consented for deposition. This includes the Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA) study and Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp) study. The Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) was deposited in dbGAP as part of their initial study and the phs numbers for that project can be found here: <a href="https://esp.gs.washington.edu/drupal/dbGaP_Releases">https://esp.gs.washington.edu/drupal/dbGaP_Releases</a>. <table style="width:100%" border="1"> <caption>Table 1. 52,000 sample T2D Case/Control Whole Exome Sequencing Studies</caption> <tr> <th>Ancestry</th> <th>Consortia</th> <th>Study</th> <th>Countries of Origin</th> <th># Cases</th> <th># Controls</th> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Jackson Heart Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>500</td> <td>526</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Wake Forest School of Medicine Study</td> <td>US</td> <td>518</td> <td>530</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>ESP</td> <td>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</td> <td>US</td> <td>467</td> <td>1374</td> </tr> <tr> <td>African American</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>BioMe Biobank Program (BioMe)</td> <td>US</td> <td>1297</td> <td>1256</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Korea Association Research Project</td> <td>Korea</td> <td>526</td> <td>561</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1& Follow up Study</td> <td>Singapore Diabetes Cohort Study; Singapore Prospective Study Program</td> <td>Singapore (Chinese)</td> <td>1486</td> <td>1568</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>Korea SNUH</td> <td>South Korea</td> <td>450</td> <td>475</td> </tr> <tr> <td>East Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>Research Studies in Hong Kong (Hong Kong)</td> <td>Hong Kong</td> <td>493</td> <td>485</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Ashkenazi</td> <td>US, Israel</td> <td>506</td> <td>355</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>Metabolic Syndrome in Men Study (METSIM)</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>484</td> <td>498</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics (FUSION) Study</td> <td>Finland</td> <td>472</td> <td>476</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg (KORA)</td> <td>Germany</td> <td>97</td> <td>90</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>UK Type 2 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (UKT2D)</td> <td>UK</td> <td>322</td> <td>320</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>GoT2D</td> <td>Malmo-Botnia Study</td> <td>Finland, Sweden</td> <td>478</td> <td>443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>LuCamp</td> <td>Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Care (LuCamp)</td> <td>Denmark</td> <td>997</td> <td>997</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>ESP</td> <td>Exome Sequencing Project (ESP)</td> <td>US</td> <td>390</td> <td>2843</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>Genetics of Diabetes and Audit Research Tayside Study (GoDARTS)</td> <td>Scotland, UK</td> <td>960</td> <td>966</td> </tr> <tr> <td>European</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>Framingham Heart Study (FHS)</td> <td>US</td> <td>396</td> <td>596</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>San Antonio Family Heart Study, San Antonio Family Diabetes/ Gallbladder Study, Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study, and the Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes Study Family Component</td> <td>US</td> <td>272</td> <td>218</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1 & SIGMAv2</td> <td>Starr County, Texas</td> <td>US</td> <td>1762</td> <td>1738</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMAv1</td> <td>Mexico City Diabetes Study</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>281</td> <td>549</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMAv1 & v2</td> <td>Multiethnic Cohort (MEC)</td> <td>US</td> <td>1476</td> <td>1443</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMAv1 & v2</td> <td>UNAM/INCMNSZ Diabetes Study (UIDS)</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>1998</td> <td>1977</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic</td> <td>SIGMAv1 & v2</td> <td>Diabetes in Mexico Study (DMS)</td> <td>Mexico</td> <td>1522</td> <td>1546</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multi ethnic</td> <td>ProDIGY</td> <td>Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY)</td> <td>US</td> <td>3097</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multi ethnic</td> <td>ProDIGY</td> <td>SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH)</td> <td>US</td> <td>553</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1</td> <td>London Life Sciences Population Study (LOLIPOP)</td> <td>UK (Indian Asian)</td> <td>531</td> <td>538</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Project 1 & Follow up study</td> <td>Singapore Indian Eye Study</td> <td>Singapore (Indian Asian)</td> <td>1640</td> <td>1478</td> </tr> <tr> <td>South Asian</td> <td>T2D-GENES Follow up study</td> <td>Pakistan Genomic Resource (PGR)</td> <td>Pakistan</td> <td>914</td> <td>932</td> </tr> </table> The Diabetes in Mexico Study (DMS) study contributed 1,522 cases and 1,546 controls to the 52k T2D exome sequencing study.

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