Drosophila melanogaster
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJNA393992 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
Dataset's files
| Action | DRS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SRR5820090_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR5820090_2.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR5820091_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR5820091_2.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR5820092_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz |
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Project description:Topologically associating domains (TADs) are widely recognized as fundamental elements of the 3D structure of the eukaryotic genome. However, while the structural importance of the insulator protein CTCF together with cohesin at TAD borders in mammalian cells is well established, the absence of such co-localization at most TAD borders in recent Hi-C studies of D. melanogaster is enigmatic, raising the possibility that these TAD border elements are not generally conserved among metazoans. Using in situ Hi-C with sub-kb resolution, we show that the genome of D. melanogaster is almost completely partitioned into more than 4,000 TADs (median size, 13 kb), nearly 7-fold more than previously identified. The overwhelming majority of these TADs are demarcated by pairs of Drosophila-specific insulator proteins, BEAF-32/CP190 or BEAF-32/Chromator, indicating that these proteins may play an analogous role in Drosophila as that of the CTCF/cohesin pair in mammals. Moreover, we find that previously identified TADs enriched for inactive chromatin are predominantly assembled from the higher-level interactions between smaller TADs. In contrast, the closely-spaced small TADs in regions previously thought to be unstructured “inter-TADs” are organized in an open configuration with far fewer TAD-TAD interactions. Such structures can also be identified in some “inter-TAD” regions of the mammalian genome, suggesting that larger assemblages of small self-interacting TADs separated by a “burst” of adjacent small, weakly interacting TADs may be a conserved, basic characteristic of the higher order folding of the metazoan genome.
2017-11-22 | GSE101317 | GEO
Project description:Recent advances enabled by Hi-C technique have unraveled principles of chromosomal folding, which were since linked to many genomic processes. In particular, Hi-C revealed that chromosomes of animals are organized into Topologically Associating Domains (TADs), evolutionary conserved compact chromatin domains that influence gene expression. However, mechanisms that underlie partitioning of the genome into TADs remain poorly understood. To explore principals of TAD folding in Drosophila melanogaster, we performed Hi-C and PolyA+ RNA-seq in four cell lines of various origins (S2, Kc167, DmBG3-c2, and OSC). Contrary to previous studies, we find that regions between TADs (i.e. the inter-TADs and TAD boundaries) in Drosophila are only weakly enriched with the insulator protein dCTCF, while another insulator protein Su(Hw) is preferentially present within TADs. However, Drosophila inter-TADs harbor active chromatin and constitutively transcribed (housekeeping) genes. Accordingly, we find that binding of insulator proteins dCTCF and Su(Hw) predict TAD boundaries much worse than the active chromatin marks (in the minimal case, H3K4me3 and total RNA) do. Moreover, inter-TADs correspond to decompacted interbands of polytene chromosomes, whereas TADs mostly correspond to densely packed bands. Collectively, our results suggest that TADs are condensed chromatin domains depleted in active chromatin marks, separated by regions of active chromatin that cannot be organized into compact structures, possibly due to high levels of histone acetylation. Finally, we test this hypothesis by polymer simulations, and find that TAD partitioning can be explained by different modes of inter-nucleosomal interactions for active and inactive chromatin. Hi-C experiments, PolyA+ RNA profiling and mapping of chromosomal rearrangements in four Drosophila melanogaster cell lines.
2015-10-26 | E-GEOD-69013 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Eukaryotic genome spatial folding plays a key role in genome function. Decoding the principles and dynamics of 3D genome organization depends on improving technologies to achieve higher resolution. Chromatin domains have been suggested as regulatory micro-environments, whose identification is crucial to understand the genome architecture. We report here that our recently developed method, Hi-TrAC, which specializes in detecting chromatin loops among genomic accessible regulatory regions, allows us to examine active domains with limited sequencing depths at a high resolution. Hi-TrAC can detect active sub-TADs with a median size of 100kb, most of which harbor one or two cell specifically expressed genes and regulatory elements such as super-enhancers organized into nested interaction domains. These active sub-TADs are characterized by highly enriched signals of histone mark H3K4me1 and chromatin-binding proteins, including Cohesin complex. We show that knocking down core subunit of the Cohesin complex using shRNAs in human cells or decreasing the H3K4me1 modification by deleting the H3K4 methyltransferase Mll4 gene in mouse Th17 cells disrupted the sub-TADs structure. In summary, Hi-TrAC serves as a compatible and highly responsive approach to studying dynamic changes of active sub-TADs, allowing us more explicit insights into delicate genome structures and functions.
2023-04-25 | GSE208085 | GEO
Project description:We performed Hi-C on untreated Jurkat T cells growing in culture. We obtained contact maps with a final resolution of 5 kb where Topologically Associated Domains (TADs) are clearly visible. We identified 3D sub-compartments, characterized by enriched Hi-C contacts within themselves compared to contacts with other compartments. Our results suggest that the A compartment, associated with ongoing transcription, consists of two distinct sub-compartments called A1 and A2; and that the B compartment, associated with lack of transcription, consists of three sub-compartments called B1, B2 and B3. Genes in the A1 and A2 compartments are typically expressed at the same level, but chromatin marks associated with transcription, such as H3K4me2 or H3K27ac, are typically more abundant in A1 than in A2. The B1, B2 and B3 sub-compartments correspond to Polycomb, HP1 and lamina-associated chromatin, which were previously identified types of silent chromatin. Overall, these results suggest that spatial neighborhoods of the Jurkat nucleus correspond to homogeneous chromatin types, and that transcriptionally active regions are in fact two distinct types.
2018-11-27 | GSE122958 | GEO
Project description:The three-dimensional genomic structure plays a critical role in gene expression, cellular differentiation, and pathological conditions. Previous studies have extensively investigated the structures including A/B compartments and topologically associating domains (TADs) at a scale from hundreds of kilobases (kb) to megabases (Mb). However, fine-scale chromatin architectures, particularly enhancer-promoter interactions, which are often within 100 kb and critical for the temporospatial regulation of expression, remain to be fully characterized due to technical limitations. In this study, we report Hi-TrAC as a proximity ligation free, robust, and sensitive technique to profile genome-wide chromatin interactions at high-resolution among accessible regulatory elements. Hi-TrAC detects chromatin looping among accessible chromatin regions at single nucleosome resolution. We observed that cell-specifically expressed genes are harbored in active sub-TADs. With almost half million identified loops, we constructed a comprehensive interaction network of regulatory elements across the genome. After integrating chromatin binding profiles of transcription factors (TFs), we discovered that cohesin complex and CTCF are responsible for organizing long-range chromatin loops, which are related with domain formation, whereas ZNF143 and HCFC1 are involved in structuring short-range chromatin loops between regulatory elements, which directly regulate gene expression. Thus, here we developed a new methodology to identify a delicate and comprehensive network of cis regulatory elements, revealing the complexity and a division of labor of TFs in chromatin looping for genome organization and gene expression.
2022-10-02 | GSE180175 | GEO
Project description:Mammalian genomes are subdivided into large (50-2000 kb) regions of chromatin referred to as Topologically Associating Domains (TADs or sub-TADs). Chromatin within an individual TAD contacts itself more frequently than with regions in surrounding TADs thereby directing enhancer-promoter interactions. In many cases, the borders of TADs are defined by convergently orientated boundary elements associated with CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), which stabilises the cohesin complex on chromatin and prevents its translocation. This delimits chromatin loop extrusion which is thought to underlie the formation of TADs. However, not all CTCF-bound sites act as boundaries and, importantly, not all TADs are flanked by convergent CTCF sites. Here, we examined the CTCF binding sites within a ~70 kb sub-TAD containing the duplicated mouse α-like globin genes and their five enhancers (5’-R1-R2-R3-Rm-R4-α1-α2-3’). The 5’ border of this sub-TAD is defined by a pair of CTCF sites. Surprisingly, we show that deletion of the CTCF binding sites within and downstream of the α-globin locus leaves the sub-TAD largely intact. The predominant 3’ border of the sub-TAD is defined by a steep reduction in contacts: this corresponds to the transcribed α2-globin gene rather than the CTCF sites at the 3’-end of the sub-TAD. Of interest, the almost identical α1- and α2-globin genes interact differently with the enhancers, resulting in preferential expression of the proximal α1-globin gene which behaves as a partial boundary between the enhancers and the distal α2-globin gene. Together, these observations provide direct evidence that actively transcribed genes can behave as boundary elements.
2022-06-01 | GSE153208 | GEO
Project description:Mammalian genomes are subdivided into large (50-2000 kb) regions of chromatin referred to as Topologically Associating Domains (TADs or sub-TADs). Chromatin within an individual TAD contacts itself more frequently than with regions in surrounding TADs thereby directing enhancer-promoter interactions. In many cases, the borders of TADs are defined by convergently orientated boundary elements associated with CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), which stabilises the cohesin complex on chromatin and prevents its translocation. This delimits chromatin loop extrusion which is thought to underlie the formation of TADs. However, not all CTCF-bound sites act as boundaries and, importantly, not all TADs are flanked by convergent CTCF sites. Here, we examined the CTCF binding sites within a ~70 kb sub-TAD containing the duplicated mouse α-like globin genes and their five enhancers (5’-R1-R2-R3-Rm-R4-α1-α2-3’). The 5’ border of this sub-TAD is defined by a pair of CTCF sites. Surprisingly, we show that deletion of the CTCF binding sites within and downstream of the α-globin locus leaves the sub-TAD largely intact. The predominant 3’ border of the sub-TAD is defined by a steep reduction in contacts: this corresponds to the transcribed α2-globin gene rather than the CTCF sites at the 3’-end of the sub-TAD. Of interest, the almost identical α1- and α2-globin genes interact differently with the enhancers, resulting in preferential expression of the proximal α1-globin gene which behaves as a partial boundary between the enhancers and the distal α2-globin gene. Together, these observations provide direct evidence that actively transcribed genes can behave as boundary elements.
2022-06-01 | GSE153207 | GEO
Project description:Mammalian genomes are subdivided into large (50-2000 kb) regions of chromatin referred to as Topologically Associating Domains (TADs or sub-TADs). Chromatin within an individual TAD contacts itself more frequently than with regions in surrounding TADs thereby directing enhancer-promoter interactions. In many cases, the borders of TADs are defined by convergently orientated boundary elements associated with CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), which stabilises the cohesin complex on chromatin and prevents its translocation. This delimits chromatin loop extrusion which is thought to underlie the formation of TADs. However, not all CTCF-bound sites act as boundaries and, importantly, not all TADs are flanked by convergent CTCF sites. Here, we examined the CTCF binding sites within a ~70 kb sub-TAD containing the duplicated mouse α-like globin genes and their five enhancers (5’-R1-R2-R3-Rm-R4-α1-α2-3’). The 5’ border of this sub-TAD is defined by a pair of CTCF sites. Surprisingly, we show that deletion of the CTCF binding sites within and downstream of the α-globin locus leaves the sub-TAD largely intact. The predominant 3’ border of the sub-TAD is defined by a steep reduction in contacts: this corresponds to the transcribed α2-globin gene rather than the CTCF sites at the 3’-end of the sub-TAD. Of interest, the almost identical α1- and α2-globin genes interact differently with the enhancers, resulting in preferential expression of the proximal α1-globin gene which behaves as a partial boundary between the enhancers and the distal α2-globin gene. Together, these observations provide direct evidence that actively transcribed genes can behave as boundary elements.
2022-06-01 | GSE153206 | GEO
Project description:Mammalian genomes are subdivided into large (50-2000 kb) regions of chromatin referred to as Topologically Associating Domains (TADs or sub-TADs). Chromatin within an individual TAD contacts itself more frequently than with regions in surrounding TADs thereby directing enhancer-promoter interactions. In many cases, the borders of TADs are defined by convergently orientated boundary elements associated with CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), which stabilises the cohesin complex on chromatin and prevents its translocation. This delimits chromatin loop extrusion which is thought to underlie the formation of TADs. However, not all CTCF-bound sites act as boundaries and, importantly, not all TADs are flanked by convergent CTCF sites. Here, we examined the CTCF binding sites within a ~70 kb sub-TAD containing the duplicated mouse α-like globin genes and their five enhancers (5’-R1-R2-R3-Rm-R4-α1-α2-3’). The 5’ border of this sub-TAD is defined by a pair of CTCF sites. Surprisingly, we show that deletion of the CTCF binding sites within and downstream of the α-globin locus leaves the sub-TAD largely intact. The predominant 3’ border of the sub-TAD is defined by a steep reduction in contacts: this corresponds to the transcribed α2-globin gene rather than the CTCF sites at the 3’-end of the sub-TAD. Of interest, the almost identical α1- and α2-globin genes interact differently with the enhancers, resulting in preferential expression of the proximal α1-globin gene which behaves as a partial boundary between the enhancers and the distal α2-globin gene. Together, these observations provide direct evidence that actively transcribed genes can behave as boundary elements.
2022-06-01 | GSE153205 | GEO
Project description:Eukaryotic chromosomes replicate in a temporal order known as the replication-timing program. In mammals, replication timing is cell type-specific with at least half the genome switching replication timing during development, primarily in units of 400-800 kilobases ('replication domains;), whose positions are preserved in different cell types, conserved between species, and appear to confine long-range effects of chromosome rearrangements. Early and late replication correlate, respectively, with open and closed three-dimensional chromatin compartments identified by high-resolution chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), and, to a lesser extent, late replication correlates with lamina-associated domains (LADs). Recent Hi-C mapping has unveiled substructure within chromatin compartments called topologically associating domains (TADs) that are largely conserved in their positions between cell types and are similar in size to replication domains. However, TADs can be further sub-stratified into smaller domains, challenging the significance of structures at any particular scale.Moreover, attempts to reconcile TADs and LADs to replication-timing data have not revealed a common, underlying domain structure. Here we localize boundaries of replication domains to the early-replicating border of replication-timing transitions and map their positions in 18 human and 13 mouse cell types. We demonstrate that, collectively, replication domain boundaries share a near one-to-one correlation with TAD boundaries, whereas within a cell type, adjacent TADs that replicate at similar times obscure replication domain boundaries, largely accounting for the previously reported lack of alignment. Moreover, cell-type-specific replication timing of TADs partitions the genome into two large-scale sub-nuclear compartments revealing that replication-timing transitions are indistinguishable from late-replicating regions in chromatin composition and lamina association and accounting for the reduced correlation of replication timing to LADs and heterochromatin. Our results reconcile cell-type-specific sub-nuclear compartmentalization and replication timing with developmentally stable structural domains and offer a unified model for large-scale chromosome structure and function.
2014-11-20 | GSE51334 | GEO