MiRNA-mediated targeting of human cytomegalovirus reveals biological host and viral targets of IE2
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJNA421010 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
Dataset's files
| Action | DRS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SRR6345380.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR6345371.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR6345381.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR6345372.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR6345382.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz |
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Project description:We introduce target sites for the microRNA (miRNA) miR-142 into the 3’-untranslated region of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IE2 to study the transcriptional effect of IE2 knock-down on both viral and host genes in cells that express miR-142. When comparing transcriptional data from miR-142 expressing macrophages infected with HCMV to macrophages infected with IE2-miR-142 targeted HCMV, we see a knock-down of IE2 and differential regulation of predicted viral targets of IE2 including IE1, vIL-10 and US29. We then generated fibroblasts expressing miR-142 to study the knock-down of IE2 in a different cellular system and find drastic differences in loss of IE2 on the host transcriptional profile in the two different cell types.
2017-12-28 | GSE107680 | GEO
Project description:Herpesvirus late promoters activate gene expression after viral DNA synthesis has begun. Alphaherpesviruses utilize a viral immediate-early protein to do this, whereas beta- and gammaherpesviruses primarily use a 6-member set of viral late-acting transcription factors (LTF) that are drawn to a TATT sequence in the late promoter. The betaherpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), produces three immediate-early 2 protein isoforms, IE2-86, IE2-60, IE2-40, in late infection, but whether they activate late viral promoters is unknown. Here, we quickly degrade the IE2 proteins in late infection and analyze effects on transcription using customized PRO-Seq and computational methods combined with multiple validation methods. We discover that the IE2 proteins selectively drive RNA Pol II transcription initiation at a subset of viral early-late and late promoters common to different HCMV strains, but do not substantially affect Pol II transcription of the 9,942 expressed host genes. Most of the IE2-activated viral late infection promoters lack the TATT sequence bound by the HCMV UL87-encoded LTF. The HCMV TATT-binding protein is not mechanistically involved in late RNA expression from the IE2-activated TATT-less UL83 (pp65) promoter, as it is for the TATT-containing UL82 (pp71) promoter. While antecedent viral DNA synthesis is necessary for transcription from the late infection viral promoters, continued viral DNA synthesis is unnecessary. We conclude that the IE2 proteins target a distinct subset of late infection HCMV promoters for transcription initiation by RNA Pol II. Commencement of viral DNA replication renders the HCMV genome late promoters susceptible to late-acting viral transcription factors, which do not appreciably affect host transcription during this late time.
2020-03-05 | GSE139114 | GEO
Project description:Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) impacts more than one-half of the human population owing to its capacity to manipulate the cell and create latent reservoirs in the host. Despite an extensive understanding of HCMV biology during acute infection in fibroblasts, the molecular basis for latency in myeloid cells remains incomplete. This knowledge gap is due largely to the fact that the existing genetic systems require virus rescue in fibroblasts, precluding the study of genes that are essential during acute infection, yet likely play unique roles in myeloid cells or the establishment of latency. Here we present a solution to address this restriction. Through the exploitation of a hematopoietic-specific microRNA, we demonstrate a one-step recombineering approach that enables gene silencing only in cells associated with latency. As a proof of concept, here we describe a TB40/E variant that undergoes hematopoietic targeting of the Immediate Early-2 (IE2) gene to explore its function during infection of myeloid cells. While virus replication of the hematopoietic-targeted IE2 variant was unimpaired in fibroblasts, we observed a >100-fold increase in virus titers in myeloid cells. Virus replication in myeloid cells demonstrated that IE2 has a significant transcriptional footprint on both viral and host genes. These data implicate IE2 as an essential mediator of virus biology in myeloid cells and illustrate the utility of cell-specific microRNA-based targeting.
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Project description:Using PRO-Seq, which profiles nascent transcripts, and a recently developed DFF-ChIP approach that informs on local chromatin environment, we show that IE2 controls viral gene transcription in three distinct capacities during late HCMV infection and reveal mechanisms involving direct binding of IE2 to viral DNA. IE2 represses a subset of viral promoters by binding within the target core promoter region, blocking the assembly preinitiation complexes (PICs). Remarkably, IE2 forms a repressive complex at the major immediate-early promoter region involving direct association of IE2 with nucleosomes and TBP. IE2 activates transcription by binding proximal to, but not within, core promoter regions. In addition, evidence is provided that IE2 functions as a direct roadblock to transcription elongation. At one locus, this function of IE2 is demonstrated to be important for the synthesis of a spliced RNA. Consistent with the minimal observed effects of IE2 depletion on host gene transcription, IE2 only sparingly engages the host genome.
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Project description:Small RNA deep sequencing analysis was conducted on primary human fibroblasts infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). HCMV-encoded miRNAs accumulated to ~20% of the total smRNA population at late stages of infection, and our analysis led to improvements in viral miRNA annotations and identification of novel HCMV miRNAs. Through crosslinking and immunoprecipitation of Argonaute-bound RNAs from infected cells, followed by high-throughput sequencing (Ago CLIP-seq), we obtained direct evidence for incorporation of all HCMV miRNAs into the endogenous host silencing machinery. Additionally, significant upregulation was observed during infection for a host miRNA cluster containing miR-96, miR-182 and miR-183. We also identified novel non-miRNA forms of virus-derived smRNAs, revealing greater complexity within the smRNA population during HCMV infection. High-throughput profiling of smRNAs, Ago1-, and Ago2-associated miRNAs from HCMV-infected fibroblast cells. Wild-type HCMV Towne (Genbank FJ616285.1) was used for these studies.
2011-11-10 | E-GEOD-33584 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Human cytomegalovirus IE2 drives transcription initiation from a select subset of late infection viral promoters by host RNA polymerase II
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Project description:Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that has co-evolved with its host and in doing so, is highly efficient in undermining antiviral responses that limit successful infections. As a result, HCMV infections are highly problematic in individuals with weakened or underdeveloped immune systems including transplant recipients and newborns. Understanding how HCMV controls the microenvironment of an infected cell so as to favor productive replication is of critical importance. To this end, we took an unbiased proteomics approach to identify the highly reversible, stress induced, post-translational modification (PTM), protein S-nitrosylation, on viral proteins to determine the biological impact on viral replication. We identified protein S-nitrosylation of 13 viral proteins during infection of highly permissive fibroblasts. One of these proteins, pp71, is critical for efficient viral replication, as it undermines host antiviral responses, including STING activation. By exploiting site-directed mutagenesis of the specific amino acids we identified in pp71 as protein S-nitrosylated, we found this pp71 PTM diminishes its ability to undermine antiviral responses induced by the STING pathway. Our results suggest a model in which protein S-nitrosylation may function as a host response to viral infection that limits viral spread.
2020-07-03 | PXD019208 | Pride
Project description:Citrullination is the conversion of arginine-to-citrulline by protein arginine deiminases (PADs), whose dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of various types of cancers and autoimmune diseases. Consistent with the ability of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to induce post-translational modifications of cellular proteins to gain a survival advantage, we show that HCMV infection of primary human fibroblasts triggers PAD-mediated citrullination of several host proteins, and that this activity promotes viral fitness. Citrullinome analysis reveals significant changes in deimination levels of both cellular and viral proteins, with interferon (IFN)-inducible protein IFIT1 being the most heavily deiminated one. As genetic depletion of IFIT1 strongly enhances HCMV growth, and in vitro IFIT1 citrullination impairs its ability to bind to 5’-pppRNA, we propose that viral-induced IFIT1 citrullination is a novel mechanism of HCMV evasion from host antiviral resistance. Overall, our findings point to a crucial role of citrullination in subverting cellular responses to viral infection.
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Project description:Citrullination is the conversion of arginine-to-citrulline by protein arginine deiminases (PADs), whose dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of various types of cancers and autoimmune diseases. Consistent with the ability of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to induce post-translational modifications of cellular proteins to gain a survival advantage, we show that HCMV infection of primary human fibroblasts triggers PAD-mediated citrullination of several host proteins, and that this activity promotes viral fitness. Citrullinome analysis reveals significant changes in deimination levels of both cellular and viral proteins, with interferon (IFN)-inducible protein IFIT1 being the most heavily deiminated one. As genetic depletion of IFIT1 strongly enhances HCMV growth, and in vitro IFIT1 citrullination impairs its ability to bind to 5’-pppRNA, we propose that viral-induced IFIT1 citrullination is a novel mechanism of HCMV evasion from host antiviral resistance. Overall, our findings point to a crucial role of citrullination in subverting cellular responses to viral infection.
2021-07-20 | PXD025803 | Pride
Project description:Small RNA deep sequencing analysis was conducted on primary human fibroblasts infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). HCMV-encoded miRNAs accumulated to ~20% of the total smRNA population at late stages of infection, and our analysis led to improvements in viral miRNA annotations and identification of novel HCMV miRNAs. Through crosslinking and immunoprecipitation of Argonaute-bound RNAs from infected cells, followed by high-throughput sequencing (Ago CLIP-seq), we obtained direct evidence for incorporation of all HCMV miRNAs into the endogenous host silencing machinery. Additionally, significant upregulation was observed during infection for a host miRNA cluster containing miR-96, miR-182 and miR-183. We also identified novel non-miRNA forms of virus-derived smRNAs, revealing greater complexity within the smRNA population during HCMV infection.
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