TMX2 is a key regulator of cellular redox state and its dysfunction causes severe brain developmental abnormalities
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
PROVIDER: PRJNA551587 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
Dataset's files
| Action | DRS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SRR9610570_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR9610570_2.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR9610580_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR9610580_2.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz | |||
| SRR9610571_1.fastq.gz | Fastqsanger.gz |
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Project description:The redox state of the neural progenitors regulates physiological processes such as neuronal differentiation, dendritic and axonal growth. The relevance of ER-associated oxidoreductases in these processes is largely unexplored. We describe a severe neurological disorder caused by biallelic loss of function variants in the Thioredoxin (TRX)-Related Transmembrane-2 (TMX2) gene, detected by exome sequencing in ten affected individuals from seven unrelated families presenting with congenital microcephaly, cortical polymicrogyria and other migration disorders. TMX2 encodes one of the five TMX proteins of the Protein Disulfide Isomerase family and is the first to be linked to human brain disease. Our mechanistic studies on protein function show that TMX2 localizes to the ER Mitochondria-Associated-Membranes (MAMs), is involved in posttranslational modification and protein folding and undergoes physical interaction with the MAM associated and ER folding chaperone calnexin and ER calcium pump SERCA2. These interactions are functionally relevant because TMX2-deficient fibroblasts show decreased mitochondrial respiratory reserve capacity and compensatory increased basal glycolytic activity. Intriguingly, under basal conditions TMX2 occurs in both reduced and oxidized monomeric form, while it forms a stable dimer under treatment with hydrogen peroxide, recently recognized as signaling molecule in neural morphogenesis and axonal pathfinding. Exogenous expression of the pathogenic TMX2 variants or of variants with in vitro mutagenized TRX domain induces a constitutive TMX2 polymerization, mimicking increased oxidative state. Altogether these data uncover TMX2 as a sensor in the MAM-regulated redox state and identify it as a key adaptive regulator of neuronal proliferation, migration and organization in the developing brain.
2019-12-31 | GSE133483 | GEO
Project description:The redox state of the neural progenitors regulates physiological processes such as neuronal differentiation, dendritic and axonal growth. The relevance of ER-associated oxidoreductases in these processes is largely unexplored. We describe a severe neurological disorder caused by biallelic loss of function variants in the Thioredoxin (TRX)-Related Transmembrane-2 (TMX2) gene, detected by exome sequencing in ten affected individuals from seven unrelated families presenting with congenital microcephaly, cortical polymicrogyria and other migration disorders. TMX2 encodes one of the five TMX proteins of the Protein Disulfide Isomerase family and is the first to be linked to human brain disease. Our mechanistic studies on protein function show that TMX2 localizes to the ER Mitochondria-Associated-Membranes (MAMs), is involved in posttranslational modification and protein folding and undergoes physical interaction with the MAM associated and ER folding chaperone calnexin and ER calcium pump SERCA2. These interactions are functionally relevant because TMX2-deficient fibroblasts show decreased mitochondrial respiratory reserve capacity and compensatory increased basal glycolytic activity. Intriguingly, under basal conditions TMX2 occurs in both reduced and oxidized monomeric form, while it forms a stable dimer under treatment with hydrogen peroxide, recently recognized as signaling molecule in neural morphogenesis and axonal pathfinding. Exogenous expression of the pathogenic TMX2 variants or of variants with in vitro mutagenized TRX domain induces a constitutive TMX2 polymerization, mimicking increased oxidative state. Altogether these data uncover TMX2 as a sensor in the MAM-regulated redox state and identify it as a key adaptive regulator of neuronal proliferation, migration and organization in the developing brain.
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Project description:The redox state of the neural progenitors regulates physiological processes such as neuronal differentiation and dendritic and axonal growth. The relevance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated oxidoreductases in these processes is largely unexplored. We describe a severe neurological disorder caused by bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in thioredoxin (TRX)-related transmembrane-2 (TMX2); these variants were detected by exome sequencing in 14 affected individuals from ten unrelated families presenting with congenital microcephaly, cortical polymicrogyria, and other migration disorders. TMX2 encodes one of the five TMX proteins of the protein disulfide isomerase family, hitherto not linked to human developmental brain disease. Our mechanistic studies on protein function show that TMX2 localizes to the ER mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), is involved in posttranslational modification and protein folding, and undergoes physical interaction with the MAM-associated and ER folding chaperone calnexin and ER calcium pump SERCA2. These interactions are functionally relevant because TMX2-deficient fibroblasts show decreased mitochondrial respiratory reserve capacity and compensatory increased glycolytic activity. Intriguingly, under basal conditions TMX2 occurs in both reduced and oxidized monomeric form, while it forms a stable dimer under treatment with hydrogen peroxide, recently recognized as a signaling molecule in neural morphogenesis and axonal pathfinding. Exogenous expression of the pathogenic TMX2 variants or of variants with an in vitro mutagenized TRX domain induces a constitutive TMX2 polymerization, mimicking an increased oxidative state. Altogether these data uncover TMX2 as a sensor in the MAM-regulated redox signaling pathway and identify it as a key adaptive regulator of neuronal proliferation, migration, and organization in the developing brain.
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Project description:Background: Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by widespread intranuclear inclusions in the nervous system as well as multiple visceral organs. In 2019, expanded GGC repeats within the 5’ untranslated region of the NOTCH2NLC gene was identified as the causative factor. Although NIID primarily affects the central and peripheral nervous systems, growing evidence suggests potential cardiac abnormalities in NIID. However, the link between expanded GGC repeats within NOTCH2NLC and cardiac dysfunction remains uncertain. Results: In this study, we utilized two transgenic mouse models, expressing NOTCH2NLC-(GGC)98 ubiquitously or specifically in cardiomyocytes, and identified p62-positive intranuclear NOTCH2NLC-polyG inclusions in cardiomyocytes in two mouse models. We observed that both models exhibited cardiac-related pathological and echocardiographic changes, albeit exhibiting varying degrees of severity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed shared downregulation of genes related to ion channels and mitochondria in both models, with the cardiomyocyte-specific mice showing a more pronounced downregulation of mitochondria and energy metabolism-related pathways. Further investigations revealed decreased expression of mitochondria-related genes and electron transport chain activity. At last, we conducted a retrospective review of cardiac-related examination results from NIID patients at our hospital and also identified some cardiac abnormalities in NIID patients. Conclusions: Our study provided the first in vivo evidence linking GGC repeat expansions within NOTCH2NLC to cardiac abnormalities and highlighted the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of cardiac abnormalities.
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