Project description:A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, containing Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, Aconitum wilsonii Stapf ex Veitch, Curcuma longa L., and Radix ophiopogonis (AACO), has clinically proven therapeutic value for the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF). In this study, we explored the potential pharmacological mechanism underlying the activity of the AACO formula against CHF.