Shoot-to-root mobile CEPD-like 2 integrates shoot nitrogen status to systemically regulate nitrate uptake in Arabidopsis
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PROVIDER: PRJNA591124 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:Plants modulate the efficiency of root nitrogen (N) acquisition in response to shoot N demand. However, molecular components directly involved in this shoot-to-root communication remain to be identified. Here, we show that phloem-mobile CEPD-like 2 (CEPDL2) polypeptide is upregulated in the leaf vasculature in response to decreased shoot N status and, after translocation to the roots, promotes high-affinity uptake and root-to-shoot transport of nitrate by activating nitrate transporter genes such as NRT2.1, NRT3.1 and NRT1.5. Loss of CEPDL2 decreases nitrate uptake and root-to-shoot transport activity in roots, leading to a reduction in shoot nitrate content and plant biomass. CEPDL2 contributes to N acquisition cooperatively with CEPD1 and CEPD2 that mediate root N status, and their complete loss severely impairs N homeostasis in plants. Reciprocal grafting analysis provided conclusive evidence that the shoot CEPDL2/CEPD genotype defines the root high-affinity uptake activity of nitrate. Our results indicate that plants integrate shoot N status and root N status in leaves and systemically regulate the efficiency of root N acquisition.
2020-02-10 | GSE140834 | GEO
Project description:Plants modulate the efficiency of root nitrogen (N) acquisition in response to shoot N demand. However, molecular components directly involved in this shoot-to-root communication remain to be identified. Here, we show that phloem-mobile CEPD-like 2 (CEPDL2) polypeptide is upregulated in the leaf vasculature in response to decreased shoot N status and, after translocation to the roots, promotes high-affinity uptake and root-to-shoot transport of nitrate. Loss of CEPDL2 leads to a reduction in shoot nitrate content and plant biomass. CEPDL2 contributes to N acquisition cooperatively with CEPD1 and CEPD2 which mediate root N status, and the complete loss of all three proteins severely impairs N homeostasis in plants. Reciprocal grafting analysis provides conclusive evidence that the shoot CEPDL2/CEPD1/2 genotype defines the high-affinity nitrate uptake activity in root. Our results indicate that plants integrate shoot N status and root N status in leaves and systemically regulate the efficiency of root N acquisition.
| S-EPMC6994653 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Plants uptake nitrogen (N) from the soil mainly in the form of nitrate. However, nitrate is often distributed heterogeneously in natural soil. Plants, therefore, have a systemic long-distance signaling mechanism by which N-starvation on one side of the root leads to a compensatory N uptake on the other N-rich side. This systemic N acquisition response is triggered by a root-to-shoot mobile peptide hormone, C-terminally Encoded Peptide (CEP), originating from the N-starved roots, but the molecular nature of the descending shoot-to-root signal remains elusive. Here, we show that phloem-specific polypeptides that are induced in leaves upon perception of root-derived CEP act as descending long-distance mobile signals translocated to each root. These shoot-derived polypeptides, which we named CEP Downstream 1 (CEPD1) and CEPD2, upregulate the expression of the nitrate transporter gene NRT2.1 in roots specifically when nitrate is present in the rhizosphere. Arabidopsis plants deficient in this pathway show impaired systemic N-acquisition response accompanied with N-deficiency symptoms. These fundamental mechanistic insights should provide a conceptual framework for understanding systemic nutrient acquisition responses in plants. We prepared total RNA from vascular tissues of wild type, CEP1-treated wild type, and cepr1-1 mutant, and used a microarray analysis to identify genes specifically induced by CEP1.
2017-04-06 | GSE94161 | GEO
Project description:In plants, nitrate is suggested to act as an indicator of nitrogen (N) status that modulates N responses under steady-state conditions. Our preceding study suggested that shoot nitrate accumulation alone represses expression of N starvation-inducible genes in shoots and roots. Notably, we observed that shoot nitrate accumulation was accompanied by increases in shoot expression of ISOPENTENYL TRANSFERASE 3 (IPT3) and shoot levels of N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl) adenine (iP)-type CK. IPT3 expression is localized primarily in phloem companion cells, and iP-type CKs, which are synthesized by IPT3, are phloem-mobile. Hence, both local and systemic responses to shoot nitrate status may be regulated by IPT3-synthesized iP-type CKs. Thus, the present study aims to dissect the local/systemic responses to shoot nitrate status and their dependence on shoot IPT3. To achieve this, we developed a novel experimental system to manipulate nitrate levels and IPT3 expression in a shoot-specific manner using grafted plants derived from the plants lacking nitrate reductase and/or IPT3. Using shoots and roots from the grafted plants, RNA-seq analysis was performed.
2024-08-31 | E-MTAB-14302 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:In RNA interference (RNAi), small-interfering (si)RNAs processed from double-stranded RNA guide ARGONAUTE(AGO) proteins to silence sequence-complementary RNA/DNA. Plant RNAi can propagate locally and systemically, but despite recent mechanistic advances, basic questions/hurdles remain unaddressed. For instance, RNAi is inferred to diffuse through plasmodesmata, yet how its dynamics in planta compares with that of established symplastic-diffusion markers remains unknown. Also unknown is why select siRNA species, or size-classes thereof, are recovered in RNAi-recipient tissues, yet only under some experimental settings. Finally, RNAi shootward movement in micro-grafted Arabidopsis necessary to study its presumptive transgenerational effects– has not been achieved thus far and endogenous functions of mobile RNAi remain scarcely documented. Focusing on non-amplified RNAi in Arabidopsis, we show here that (i) transgenic RNAi-movement, although symplasmic, only partially recapitulates the diffusion pattern of free GFP in planta, (ii) the presence/absence of specific AGOs in incipient/traversed/recipient tissues likely explains the apparent siRNA-selectivity observed during vascular movement, (iii) stress application allows endo-siRNA translocation against the shoot-to-root phloem flow, and (iv) mobile endo-siRNAs generated from a single inverted-repeat(IR) locus, have the potential to regulate hundreds of transcripts.
2021-10-07 | GSE112861 | GEO
Project description:The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of plants, a specialized stem cell niche at the growing shoot tip, integrates developmental and environmental signals to direct the initiation and patterning of new organs such as leaves. Its activity throughout the plant's lifetime is tightly controlled. To gain insight into gene regulatory networks behind stem cell maintenance and organogenesis, we generated a high-resolution gene expression atlas of distinct domains and cell types within the vegetative shoot apex of 14 day-old maize B73 seedlings using laser microdissection and RNA deep sequencing. Data for 9 domains was previously released under SRA: SRP101301. This release adds data for biological duplicate samples collected for the SAM central zone, and the adaxial and abaxial sides of leaf primordia.
2019-10-02 | GSE137715 | GEO
Project description:Plants face temporal and spatial variation in nitrogen (N) availability. This includes heterogeneity in soil nitrate (NO3-) content. To face these constraints, plants modify their gene expression and physiological processes to optimize N acquisition. This plasticity relies on a complex long-distance root-shoot-root signaling network that remains poorly understood. We previously showed that cytokinin (CK) biosynthesis is required to trigger systemic N signaling. Here, we performed split-root experiments and used a combination of CK-related mutant analyses, hormone profiling, transcriptomic analysis, NO3- uptake assays, and root growth measurements to gain insight into systemic N signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. By comparing wild-type plants and mutants affected in CK biosynthesis and ABCG14-dependent root-to-shoot translocation of CK, we revealed an important role for active trans-Zeatin (tZ) in systemic N signaling. Both rapid sentinel gene regulation and long-term functional acclimation to heterogeneous NO3- supply, including NO3- transport and root growth regulation, are likely mediated by the integration of tZ content in shoots. Furthermore, shoot transcriptome profiling revealed that glutamate/glutamine metabolism is likely a target of tZ root-to-shoot translocation, prompting an interesting hypothesis regarding shoot-to-root communication. Finally, this study highlights tZ-independent pathways regulating gene expression in shoots as well as NO3- uptake activity in response to total N-deprivation. We used microarrays to detail transcriptional reprogramming occurring in shoots in response to heterogeneous nitrate supply compared to homogeneous nitrate supply in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants and in two mutants affected in cytokinin biosynthesis and transport.
2018-05-09 | GSE114162 | GEO