Project description:The bacterial communities present in smokeless tobacco (ST) products have not previously reported. In this study, we used Next Generation Sequencing to study the bacteria present in U.S.-made dry snuff, moist snuff and Sudanese toombak. Sample diversity and taxonomic abundances were investigated in these products. A total of 33 bacterial families from four phyla, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, were identified. U.S.-produced dry snuff products contained a diverse distribution of all four phyla. Moist snuff products were dominated by Firmicutes. Toombak samples contained mainly Actinobacteria and Firmicutes (Aerococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Staphylococcaceae). The program PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) was used to impute the prevalence of genes encoding selected bacterial toxins, antibiotic resistance genes and other pro-inflammatory molecules. PICRUSt also predicted the presence of specific nitrate reductase genes, whose products can contribute to the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines. Characterization of microbial community abundances and their associated genomes gives us an indication of the presence or absence of pathways of interest and can be used as a foundation for further investigation into the unique microbiological and chemical environments of smokeless tobacco products.

| S-EPMC4718623 | biostudies-literature

soil 16s rDNA

Project description:soil 16s rDNA Metagenome

| PRJNA756830 | ENA

Caulerpa taxifolia bacterial community

Project description:Entangled fates of holobiont genomes during invasion: nested bacterial and host diversities in Caulerpa taxifolia

| PRJEB3998 | ENA

16S rDNA sequencing

Project description:16S rDNA sequencing Raw sequence reads

| PRJNA882208 | ENA

metagenome (16S rDNA) sequencing of several (diluted) Mock community samples

Project description:Targeted loci environmental - metagenome (16S rDNA) sequencing of several (diluted) Mock community samples