Project description:Primary objectives: The primary objective is to investigate circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) via deep sequencing for mutation detection and by whole genome sequencing for copy number analyses before start (baseline) with regorafenib and at defined time points during administration of regorafenib for treatment efficacy in colorectal cancer patients in terms of overall survival (OS).
Primary endpoints: circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) via deep sequencing for mutation detection and by whole genome sequencing for copy number analyses before start (baseline) with regorafenib and at defined time points during administration of regorafenib for treatment efficacy in colorectal cancer patients in terms of overall survival (OS).
Project description:The salinity gradient separating marine and freshwater environments is a major ecological divide, and the mechanisms by which most organisms adapt to new salinity environments are poorly understood. Diatoms are a lineage of ancestrally marine microalgae that have repeatedly colonized and diversified in freshwaters. Cyclotella cryptica is a euryhaline diatom that naturally tolerates a broad range of salinities, thus providing a powerful system for understanding the genomic mechanisms for mitigating and acclimating to low salinity. To understand how diatoms mitigate acute hypoosmotic stress, we abruptly shifted C. cryptica from seawater to freshwater and performed transcriptional profiling at 8 time points across 10 hours. We found substantial remodeling of the transcriptome, with over half of the genome differentially expressed in at least one time point. The peak response occurred within 1 hour, with strong repression of genes involved in functions related to cell growth and osmolyte production, and strong induction of genes implicated in stress defense such as scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintaining osmotic balance. Notably, transcripts largely returned to baseline levels within 4–10 hours, with growth resuming shortly thereafter, suggesting that gene expression dynamics may be useful for predicting acclimation. Moreover, comparison to a study of expression profiling following months-long acclimation of C. cryptica to freshwater revealed little overlap between the genes and processes differentially expressed in cells exposed to acute stress versus fully acclimated conditions. Altogether, this study highlights the power of time-resolved transcriptomics to reveal fundamental insights into how cells dynamically respond to an acute environmental shift and provides new insights into how diatoms mitigate natural salinity fluctuations and have successfully diversified across freshwater habitats worldwide.
