Project description:The effects of copper addition, from various adsorbents, on the accumulation ability and glucosinolate content of cultivated rocket were studied. Different adsorbents (zeolite NaX, egg shells, substrate, fly ash) were treated with copper(II) solution with an adsorption efficiency of 98.36, 96.67, 51.82 and 39.13%, respectively. The lowest copper content and the highest total glucosinolate content (44.37 μg/g DW and 4269.31 µg/g DW, respectively) were detected in the rocket grown in the substrate with the addition of a substrate spiked with copper(II) ions. Rocket grown in the fly ash-substrate mixture showed an increase in copper content (84.98 μg/g DW) and the lowest total glucosinolate content (2545.71 µg/g DW). On the other hand, when using the egg shells-substrate mixture, the rocket copper content increased (113.34 μg/g DW) along with the total GSLs content (3780.03 µg/g DW), indicating the influence of an adsorbent type in addition to the copper uptake. The highest copper content of 498.56 μg/g DW was detected in the rocket watered with copper(II) solution with a notable decrease in the glucosinolate content, i.e., 2699.29 µg/g DW. According to these results rocket can be considered as a copper accumulator plant.
Project description:Background and aimsStudies of evolutionary diversification in the basal eudicot family Papaveraceae, such as the transition from actinomorphy to zygomorphy, are hampered by the lack of comparative functional studies. So far, gene silencing methods are only available in the actinomorphic species Eschscholzia californica and Papaver somniferum. This study addresses the amenability of Cysticapnos vesicaria, a derived fumitory with zygomorphic flowers, to virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and describes vegetative and reproductive traits in this species.MethodsVIGS-mediated downregulation of the C. vesicaria PHYTOENE DESATURASE gene (CvPDS) and of the FLORICAULA gene CvFLO was carried out using Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based vectors. Wild-type and vector-treated plants were characterized using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), in situ hybridization, and macroscopic and scanning electron microscopic imaging.Key resultsCysticapnos vesicaria germinates rapidly, can be grown at high density, has a short life cycle and is self-compatible. Inoculation of C. vesicaria with a CvPDS-VIGS vector resulted in strong photobleaching of green parts and reduction of endogenous CvPDS transcript levels. Gene silencing persisted during inflorescence development until fruit set. Inoculation of plants with CvFLO-VIGS affected floral phyllotaxis, symmetry and floral organ identities.ConclusionsThe high penetrance, severity and stability of pTRV-mediated silencing, including the induction of meristem-related phenotypes, make C. vesicaria a very promising new focus species for evolutionary-developmental (evo-devo) studies in the Papaveraceae. This now enables comparative studies of flower symmetry, inflorescence determinacy and other traits that diversified in the Papaveraceae.
Project description:Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa is a leafy vegetable of the Brassicaceae family known for its pungency. Variation in growing conditions, leaf age, agronomic practices, and variety choice lead to inconsistent quality, especially in content of isothiocyanates (ITCs) and their precursor glucosinolates (GSLs). We present the first linkage and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) map for Eruca, generated using a population of 139 F4 lines. A significant environmental effect on the abundance of primary and secondary metabolites was observed, with UK-grown plants containing significantly higher concentrations of glucoraphanin, malic acid, and total sugars. Italian-grown plants were characterized by higher concentrations of glucoerucin, indolic GSLs, and low monosaccharides. 20 QTL were identified and associated with robust SNP markers. Five genes putatively associated with the synthesis of the GSL 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (4MGB) were identified as candidate regulators underlying QTL. Analysis revealed that orthologs of MYB51, IGMT1 and IGMT4 present on LG1 are associated with 4MGB concentrations in Eruca. This research illustrates the utility of the map for identifying genes associated with nutritional composition in Eruca and its value as a genetic resource to assist breeding programs for this leafy vegetable crop.
Project description:BackgroundEruca vesicaria subsp. sativa is one of the Cruciferae species most tolerant to drought stress. In our previous study some extremely drought-tolerant/sensitive Eruca lines were obtained. However little is known about the mechanism for drought tolerance in Eruca.MethodsIn this study two E. vesicaria subs. sativa lines with contrasting drought tolerance were treated with liquid MS/PEG solution. Total RNA was isolated from 7-day old whole seedlings and then applied to Illumina sequencing platform for high-throughput transcriptional sequencing.ResultsKEGG pathway analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism, Tyrosine metabolism, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, Galactose metabolism, Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, Tropane, Piperidine and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis, Mineral absorption, were all up-regulated specifically in drought-tolerant (DT) Eruca line under drought stress, while DEGs involved in ribosome, ribosome biogenesis, Pyrimidine metabolism, RNA degradation, Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, Citrate cycle, Methane metabolism, Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, were all down-regulated. 51 DEGs were found to be most significantly up-regulated (log2 ratio ≥ 8) specifically in the DT line under PEG treatment, including those for ethylene-responsive transcription factors, WRKY and bHLH transcription factors, calmodulin-binding transcription activator, cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, WD repeat-containing protein, OPDA reductase, allene oxide cyclase, aquaporin, O-acyltransferase WSD1, C-5 sterol desaturase, sugar transporter ERD6-like 12, trehalose-phosphate phosphatase and galactinol synthase 4. Eight of these 51 DEGs wre enriched in 8 COG and 17 KEGG pathways.ConclusionsDEGs that were found to be most significantly up-regulated specifically in the DT line under PEG treatment, up-regulation of DEGs involved in Arginine and proline metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and down-regulation of carbon fixation and protein synthesis might be critical for the drought tolerance in Eruca. These results will be valuable for revealing mechanism of drought tolerance in Eruca and also for genetic engineering to improve drought tolerance in crops.