Loss of MLL3/4 decouples enhancer H3K4 monomethylation, H3K27 acetylation, and gene activation [ATAC-SEq]
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PROVIDER: PRJNA878509 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:Loss of MLL3/4 decouples enhancer H3K4 monomethylation, H3K27 acetylation, and gene activation
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Project description:Loss of MLL3/4 decouples enhancer H3K4 monomethylation, H3K27 acetylation, and gene activation [CUT&TAG]
| PRJNA878508 | ENA
Project description:Loss of MLL3/4 decouples enhancer H3K4 monomethylation, H3K27 acetylation, and gene activation [RNA-Seq]
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Project description:Loss of MLL3/4 decouples enhancer H3K4 monomethylation, H3K27 acetylation, and gene activation [CUT&RUN]
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Project description:Enhancers are essential in defining cell fates through the control of cell type specific gene expression. Enhancer activation is a multi-step process involving chromatin remodelers and histone modifiers. One of these steps is monomethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me1) by MLL3 (KMT2C) and MLL4 (KMT2D). MLL3/4 are thought to be critical for enhancer activation and cognate gene expression including through the recruitment of acetyltransferases for H3K27. Here we test this model by evaluating the impact of MLL3/4 loss on chromatin and transcription during early embryonic stem cell differentiation. We find that MLL3/4 activity is required at most if not all sites that gain or lose H3K4me1, but is largely dispensable at sites that remain stably methylated during this transition. This requirement extends to H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) at most transitional sites. Unexpectedly, many sites gain H3K27ac independent of MLL3/4 or H3K4me1 including enhancers regulating key factors in early differentiation. Furthermore, despite the failure to gain active histone marks at thousands of enhancers, transcriptional activation of nearby genes is largely unaffected, thus uncoupling the regulation of chromatin state from transcriptional changes during this transition. These data challenge current models of enhancer activation and imply distinct mechanisms between stable and dynamically changing enhancers. Moreover, the data suggest limited roles for many enhancers in transcriptional regulation in early ESC differentiation. Collectively, our study highlights gaps in knowledge about the steps and epistatic relationships of enzymes necessary for enhancer activation and cognate gene transcription.
2023-01-23 | GSE212946 | GEO
Project description:Enhancers are essential in defining cell fates through the control of cell type specific gene expression. Enhancer activation is a multi-step process involving chromatin remodelers and histone modifiers. One of these steps is monomethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me1) by MLL3 (KMT2C) and MLL4 (KMT2D). MLL3/4 are thought to be critical for enhancer activation and cognate gene expression including through the recruitment of acetyltransferases for H3K27. Here we test this model by evaluating the impact of MLL3/4 loss on chromatin and transcription during early embryonic stem cell differentiation. We find that MLL3/4 activity is required at most if not all sites that gain or lose H3K4me1, but is largely dispensable at sites that remain stably methylated during this transition. This requirement extends to H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) at most transitional sites. Unexpectedly, many sites gain H3K27ac independent of MLL3/4 or H3K4me1 including enhancers regulating key factors in early differentiation. Furthermore, despite the failure to gain active histone marks at thousands of enhancers, transcriptional activation of nearby genes is largely unaffected, thus uncoupling the regulation of chromatin state from transcriptional changes during this transition. These data challenge current models of enhancer activation and imply distinct mechanisms between stable and dynamically changing enhancers. Moreover, the data suggest limited roles for many enhancers in transcriptional regulation in early ESC differentiation. Collectively, our study highlights gaps in knowledge about the steps and epistatic relationships of enzymes necessary for enhancer activation and cognate gene transcription.
2023-01-23 | GSE212949 | GEO
Project description:Enhancers are essential in defining cell fates through the control of cell type specific gene expression. Enhancer activation is a multi-step process involving chromatin remodelers and histone modifiers. One of these steps is monomethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me1) by MLL3 (KMT2C) and MLL4 (KMT2D). MLL3/4 are thought to be critical for enhancer activation and cognate gene expression including through the recruitment of acetyltransferases for H3K27. Here we test this model by evaluating the impact of MLL3/4 loss on chromatin and transcription during early embryonic stem cell differentiation. We find that MLL3/4 activity is required at most if not all sites that gain or lose H3K4me1, but is largely dispensable at sites that remain stably methylated during this transition. This requirement extends to H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) at most transitional sites. Unexpectedly, many sites gain H3K27ac independent of MLL3/4 or H3K4me1 including enhancers regulating key factors in early differentiation. Furthermore, despite the failure to gain active histone marks at thousands of enhancers, transcriptional activation of nearby genes is largely unaffected, thus uncoupling the regulation of chromatin state from transcriptional changes during this transition. These data challenge current models of enhancer activation and imply distinct mechanisms between stable and dynamically changing enhancers. Moreover, the data suggest limited roles for many enhancers in transcriptional regulation in early ESC differentiation. Collectively, our study highlights gaps in knowledge about the steps and epistatic relationships of enzymes necessary for enhancer activation and cognate gene transcription.
2023-01-23 | GSE212947 | GEO
Project description:Enhancers are essential in defining cell fates through the control of cell type specific gene expression. Enhancer activation is a multi-step process involving chromatin remodelers and modifiers. One of these steps is monomethylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4m1) by MLL3 (KMT2C) and MLL4 (KMT2D) is thought to be critical for enhancer activation and cognate gene expression including through the recruitment of acetyltransferases targeting H3K27. Here we test this model by evaluating the impact of MLL3/4 loss on chromatin states and gene expression during early embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation. We find that MLL3/4 activity is required at most if not all sites that normally gain or lose H3K4m1, but infrequently at sites that remain unchanged during this transition. This requirement extends to H3K27 acetylation (H3K27a) at most transitional sites. Unexpectedly, many sites gain H3K27a independent of MLL3/4 or H3K4m1 including enhancers regulating key factors in early differentiation. Furthermore, despite the failure to gain active histone marks at thousands of enhancers, transcriptional activation of nearby genes is largely unaffected, thus uncoupling enhancer regulation from transcription during this transition. These data challenge current models of enhancer activation and imply distinct mechanisms between stable and dynamically changing enhancers. Moreover, the data suggest limited roles for enhancers in transcriptional regulation in early ESC differentiation. Collectively, our study highlights gaps in knowledge about the steps and epistatic relationships of enzymes necessary for enhancer activation and cognate gene transcription.
2023-01-23 | GSE212948 | GEO
Project description:Histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) can be mono-, di-, and trimethylated by members of the COMPASS (COMplex of Proteins ASsociated with Set1) family from yeast to human and these modifications can be found at distinct regions of the genome. Monomethylation of histone H3K4 (H3K4me1) is relatively more enriched at metazoan enhancer regions compared to trimethylated histone H3K4 (H3K4me3), which are found at transcription start sites in all eukaryotes. Our recent studies in Drosophila demonstrated that the Trithorax-related (Trr) branch of the COMPASS family regulates enhancer activity and is responsible for the implementation of H3K4me1 at these regions. There are six COMPASS family members in mammals, two of which, MLL3 and MLL4, are most closely related to Drosophila Trr. Here, we use ChIP-seq of this class of COMPASS family members in both human HCT116 cells and mouse embryonic stem cells and find that MLL4 is preferentially found at enhancer regions. MLL3 and MLL4 are frequently mutated in cancer, and indeed, the widely used HCT116 cancer cell line contains inactivating mutations in the MLL3 gene. Using HCT116 cells in which MLL4 has also been knocked out, we demonstrate that MLL4 is a major regulator of H3K4me1 in these cells, with the greatest loss of monomethylation at enhancer regions. Moreover, we found a redundant role between Mll3 and Mll4 in enhancer H3K4 monomethylation in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. These findings suggest that mammalian MLL3/MLL4 function in the regulation of enhancer activity and enhancer-promoter communication during gene expression and that mutations of MLL3 and MLL4 found in cancer could exert their properties through enhancer malfunction. ChIP-Seq in mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells for MLL4. ChIP-seq of MLL4 and p300 in human parental HCT116 cells. ChIP-seq of H3K4me1, H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 in parental HCT116 cells and HCT116 cells with Mll4∆set.
2013-09-30 | E-GEOD-51176 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) can be mono-, di-, and trimethylated by members of the COMPASS (COMplex of Proteins ASsociated with Set1) family from yeast to human and these modifications can be found at distinct regions of the genome. Monomethylation of histone H3K4 (H3K4me1) is relatively more enriched at metazoan enhancer regions compared to trimethylated histone H3K4 (H3K4me3), which are found at transcription start sites in all eukaryotes. Our recent studies in Drosophila demonstrated that the Trithorax-related (Trr) branch of the COMPASS family regulates enhancer activity and is responsible for the implementation of H3K4me1 at these regions. There are six COMPASS family members in mammals, two of which, MLL3 and MLL4, are most closely related to Drosophila Trr. Here, we use ChIP-seq of this class of COMPASS family members in both human HCT116 cells and mouse embryonic stem cells and find that MLL4 is preferentially found at enhancer regions. MLL3 and MLL4 are frequently mutated in cancer, and indeed, the widely used HCT116 cancer cell line contains inactivating mutations in the MLL3 gene. Using HCT116 cells in which MLL4 has also been knocked out, we demonstrate that MLL4 is a major regulator of H3K4me1 in these cells, with the greatest loss of monomethylation at enhancer regions. Moreover, we found a redundant role between Mll3 and Mll4 in enhancer H3K4 monomethylation in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. These findings suggest that mammalian MLL3/MLL4 function in the regulation of enhancer activity and enhancer-promoter communication during gene expression and that mutations of MLL3 and MLL4 found in cancer could exert their properties through enhancer malfunction.
2013-09-30 | GSE51176 | GEO