Loss of collagen X facilitates hypertrophic differentiation and endochondral ossification of human iPSC-derived chondrocytes
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PROVIDER: PRJNA905822 | ENA |
REPOSITORIES: ENA
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Project description:To investigate the role of collagen X in human chondrocytes, we established human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) with heterozygous (COL10A1+/-) or homozygous (COL10A1-/-) deletions of COL10A1 gene using dual guide RNAs and CRISPR/Cas9 system. Several mutant clones were established from each of two standard hiPSCs and differentiated into hypertrophic chondrocytes by the previously reported 3D induction method. Transcriptome analyses of chondrocyte pellets at the hypertrophic phase showed lower expression of proliferating-phase genes and higher expression of calcification-phase genes in COL10A1-/- pellets than in parental cell pellets.
2023-12-01 | GSE218830 | GEO
Project description:C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) has been recently identified as an important anabolic regulator of endochondral bone growth, but the molecular mechanism mediating these effects are not completely understood. Here we demonstrate that CNP activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway in chondrocytes and that pharmacological inhibition of p38 blocks the anabolic effects of CNP in a tibia organ culture system. We further show that CNP stimulates endochondral bone growth largely through expansion of the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate, while delaying mineralization. Both effects are reversed by p38 inhibition. We performed Affymetrix microarray analyses to identify CNP target genes in the organ culture system. These studies confirmed that hypertrophic chondrocytes are the main targets of CNP signaling in the growth plate, potentially because cGMP-dependent kinases I and II, important transducers of CNP signaling and are expressed at much higher levels in these cells than in other areas of the tibia. One of the genes most strongly induced by CNP was the Ptgs2 gene, encoding Cox2. Real-time PCR confirmed that Cox2 expression was induced by CNP in hypertrophic chondrocytes, but surprisingly in a p38-independent manner. Moreover, Cox2 inhibition – in contrast to p38 inhibition - did not block the anabolic effects of CNP. In summary, our data identify novel target genes of CNP and demonstrate that the p38 pathway is a novel, essential mediator of CNP effects on endochondral ossification, with potential implications for numerous skeletal diseases. Keywords: Growth plate zone comparison and treatment response analysis
2006-12-15 | GSE4481 | GEO
Project description:Appendicular growth and bone mass acquisition are controlled by a variety of growth factors, hormones, and mechanical forces in a dynamic process called endochondral ossification. Chondrocytes in the growth plate must proliferate and undergo hypertrophy to drive growth plate expansion and lay the template for bone. Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and leucine rich repeat phosphatase 1 and 2 (Phlpp1 and Phlpp2) are protein phosphatases that regulate intracellular signaling cascades through posttranslational modification of AKT, PKC, and S6K, among others. Phlpp1 controls chondrocyte proliferation and survival and germline deletion of Phlpp1 suppresses bone lengthening. Here, we demonstrate that Phlpp2 does not regulate endochondral ossification. Phlpp2-/- mice are phenotypically indistinguishable from their wildtype (WT) littermates, with similar bone length, bone mass, and growth plate dynamics. By contrast, Phlpp1/2-/- mice are phenotypically indistinguishable from Phlpp1-/- mice. Deletion of Phlpp1 or Phlpp2 had moderate effects on the chondrocyte transcriptome and proteome compared to WT control cells. By contrast, Phlpp1-/- and Phlpp1/2-/- chondrocytes had significantly altered phospho-proteomes compared to WT and Phlpp2-/- chondrocytes. Data integration via multiomics analysis revealed that RAF-MEK-ERK signaling was altered in cells lacking Phlpp1. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that Phlpp1, but not Phlpp2, regulates endochondral ossification via the chondrocyte phospho-proteome.
2024-09-30 | GSE265773 | GEO
Project description:Endochondral ossification forms and grows the majority of the mammalian skeleton and is tightly controlled through gene regulatory networks. The forkhead box transcription factors Foxc1 and Foxc2 have been demonstrated to regulate aspects of osteoblast function in the formation of the skeleton but their roles in chondrocytes to control endochondral ossification are less clear. We demonstrate that Foxc1 expression is directly regulated by SOX9 activity, one of the earliest transcription factors to specify the chondrocyte lineages. Moreover we demonstrate that elevelated expression of Foxc1 promotes chondrocyte differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells and loss of Foxc1 function inhibits chondrogenesis in vitro. Using chondrocyte-targeted deletion of Foxc1 and Foxc2 in mice, we reveal a role for these factors in chondrocyte differentiation in vivo. Loss of both Foxc1 and Foxc2 caused a general skeletal dysplasia predominantly affecting the vertebral column. The long bones of the limb were smaller and mineralization was reduced and organization of the growth plate was disrupted. In particular, the stacked columnar organization of the proliferative chondrocyte layer was reduced in size and cell proliferation in growth plate chondrocytes was reduced. Differential gene expression analysis indicated disrupted expression patterns in chondrogenesis and ossification genes throughout the entire process of endochondral ossification in Col2-cre;Foxc1Δ/Δ;Foxc2Δ/Δ embryos. Our results suggest that Foxc1 and Foxc2 are required for correct chondrocyte differentiation and function. Loss of both genes results in disorganization of the growth plate, reduced chondrocyte proliferation and delays in chondrocyte hypertrophy that prevents correct ossification of the endochondral skeleton.
2021-09-08 | GSE165951 | GEO
Project description:Appendicular skeletal growth and bone mass acquisition are controlled by a variety of growth factors, hormones, and mechanical forces in a dynamic process called endochondral ossification. In long bones, chondrocytes in the growth plate proliferate and undergo hypertrophy to drive bone lengthening and mineralization. Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and leucine rich repeat phosphatase 1 and 2 (Phlpp1 and Phlpp2) are serine/threonine protein phosphatases that regulate cell proliferation, survival, and maturation via Akt, PKC, Raf1, S6k, and other intracellular signaling cascades. Germline deletion of Phlpp1 suppresses bone lengthening in part through parathyroid hormone receptor-dependent signaling in growth plate chondrocytes. Here, we demonstrate that Phlpp2 does not regulate endochondral ossification, and we define the molecular differences between Phlpp1 and Phlpp2 in chondrocytes. Phlpp2-/- mice are phenotypically indistinguishable from their wildtype (WT) littermates, with similar bone length, bone mass, and growth plate dynamics. Deletion of Phlpp2 had moderate effects on the chondrocyte transcriptome and proteome compared to WT cells. By contrast, Phlpp1/2-/- (double knockout) mice resembled Phlpp1-/- mice phenotypically and chondrocyte phospho-proteomes of Phlpp1-/- and Phlpp1/2-/- chondrocytes were different than WT and Phlpp2-/- chondrocyte phospho-proteomes. Data integration via multiparametric analysis identified alterations in Pdpk1 and Pak1/2 signaling pathways in chondrocytes lacking Phlpp1. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that Phlpp1, but not Phlpp2, regulates endochondral ossification through multiple and complex signaling cascades.
2024-10-22 | PXD055563 | Pride
Project description:Endochondral ossification (EO) is the natural route for the regeneration of large and mechanically challenged bone defects. Regeneration occurs via a fibrocartilagenous phase which turns into bone upon vascularization and the formation of a transient collagen type X extra cellular matrix. These two critical initiator of EO are mediated by Hedgehog proteins. We investigated a tissue engineering approach using Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) as a pleiotropic factor regulating the in vitro formation of a vascularized bone tissue precursor for in vivo endochondral bone formation. The tissue engineered graft was formed using human mesenchymal stem cells and prevascularized using human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We show that Shh induced, in vitro, the maturation of the engineered vascular network along with the expression of collagen type X which resulted, in vivo, in an improved vascularization and the rapid formation of large amounts of osteoids through EO. Osteoids further matured into, currently unmatched, clinically relevant amount of lamellar bone including osteoclasts, bone lining cells and bone marrow-like cavities. This result suggests that Hh is a master regulator of EO allowing for the formation of complex tissues with considerable therapeutic potential for bone regeneration. The effect of Cyclopamine on expression of Hedgehog, angiogenesis and axon guidance marker genes was analyzed by seeding a coculture of 92% hMSCs and 8% huvEC supplemented or not in cyclopamine, for 12 days
2012-09-01 | E-GEOD-22293 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:The ability to generate chondrocytes and osteoblasts from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) will provide insights into skeletal development and genetic skeletal disorders and generate cells for regenerative medicine applications. Here we describe a method that directs iPSC-derived sclerotome to chondroprogenitors in 3D pellet culture then to articular chondrocytes or, alternatively, along the growth plate cartilage pathway to become hypertrophic chondrocytes that can transdifferentiate to osteoblasts. Osteogenic organoids deposit and mineralize a collagen I extracellular matrix (ECM), mirroring in vivo endochondral bone formation. We have identified gene expression signatures at key developmental stages including chondrocyte maturation, hypertrophy and transdifferentiation to osteoblasts, and show that this system can be used to model genetic cartilage and bone disorders.
2023-05-02 | GSE219215 | GEO
Project description:Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used widely as flame retardants and plasticizers but much remains unknown about their potential toxicity. Previously, we reported that four individual OPEs suppress endochondral ossification in murine limb bud cultures. However, real-life exposure is to complex OPE mixtures. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that a Canadian household dust-based OPE mixture will affect endochondral ossification in gestation day 13 CD1 mouse embryo limb buds expressing fluorescent markers for the major cell populations involved in the process: COL2A1-ECFP (proliferative chondrocytes), COL10A1-mCherry (hypertrophic chondrocytes), and COL1A1-YFP (osteoblasts). Limbs were cultured for six days in the presence of vehicle or dilutions of the OPE mixture (1/1,000,000, 1/600,000, and 1/300,000). All three OPE mixture dilutions affected cartilage template development and the progression of endochondral ossification, as indicated by the fluorescent markers. The expression of Sox9, the master regulator of chondrogenesis, was unchanged, but the expression of Runx2 and Sp7, which drive chondrocyte hypertrophy and osteoblastogenesis, was dilution-dependently suppressed. RNA sequencing revealed that exposure to the 1/300,000 dilution of the OPE mixture for 24 h downregulated 153 transcripts and upregulated 48 others by at least 1.5-fold. Downregulated transcripts were enriched for those related to the immune system and bone formation. In contrast, upregulated transcripts were enriched for those with stress response functions known to be regulated by ATF4 activation. Thus, exposure to the mixture of OPEs commonly found in house dust may have adverse effects on bone formation.
2020-12-28 | GSE157940 | GEO
Project description:Mesenchymal cell-derived septoclasts resorb cartilage during endochondral ossification and fracture healing
2021-12-11 | GSE154076 | GEO
Project description:C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) has been recently identified as an important anabolic regulator of endochondral bone growth, but the molecular mechanism mediating these effects are not completely understood. Here we demonstrate that CNP activates the p38 MAP kinase pathway in chondrocytes and that pharmacological inhibition of p38 blocks the anabolic effects of CNP in a tibia organ culture system. We further show that CNP stimulates endochondral bone growth largely through expansion of the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate, while delaying mineralization. Both effects are reversed by p38 inhibition. We performed Affymetrix microarray analyses to identify CNP target genes in the organ culture system. These studies confirmed that hypertrophic chondrocytes are the main targets of CNP signaling in the growth plate, potentially because cGMP-dependent kinases I and II, important transducers of CNP signaling and are expressed at much higher levels in these cells than in other areas of the tibia. One of the genes most strongly induced by CNP was the Ptgs2 gene, encoding Cox2. Real-time PCR confirmed that Cox2 expression was induced by CNP in hypertrophic chondrocytes, but surprisingly in a p38-independent manner. Moreover, Cox2 inhibition â in contrast to p38 inhibition - did not block the anabolic effects of CNP. In summary, our data identify novel target genes of CNP and demonstrate that the p38 pathway is a novel, essential mediator of CNP effects on endochondral ossification, with potential implications for numerous skeletal diseases. Experiment Overall Design: Tibiae from E15.5 day old embryonic mice were isolated and cultured in minimal media in the presence of vehicle, BSA/HCl (1mM), or C-type natriuretic peptide, CNP (10-6M). On the sixth day of treatment cultured tibias were micro-dissected into the resting/proliferating, hypertrophic, and mineralized areas. Distinct zones from approximately 24 bones were pooled together, from which RNA was isolated using the Qiagen RNeasy Lipid Extraction Kit. Once the quality of total RNA from three independent trials was determined using the Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer, microarray analyses were performed at the London Regional Genomics Centre using MOE430_2.0 Affymetrix arrays. Results were analyzed using GeneSpring 7.2 software.
2008-06-13 | E-GEOD-4481 | biostudies-arrayexpress