Project description:The role of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the cellular innate response to RSV infection is not fully understood. To better the genomic targets for the IRE1-XBP1 pathway, RNA seq was conducted on RSV-infected small airway cells in the absence or presence of RSV infection and in the absence or presence of a selective IRE1a RNAse inhibitor. We identified expression changes in ~3.2K genes; of these, 279 required IRE1 and were enriched in IL-10 signaling and cytokine signaling pathways. These data indicate that IRE1a-XBP1s regulates genes important in epithelial mesenchymal transition, hexosamine biosynthesis and anti-viral signaling.
Project description:Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1 (IRE1) is a bifunctional serine/threonine kinase and endoribonuclease that is a major mediator of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Tumor cells experience ER stress due to adverse environmental cues such as hypoxia or nutrient shortage and high metabolic/protein folding demand. To cope with those stresses, cancer cells utilize IRE1 signaling as an adaptive mechanism. Here we report the discovery of novel family of compounds as IRE1 inhibitors identified through a structural exploration of the IRE1 kinase domain. All the inhibitors were tested for their ability to sensitize glioblastoma (GBM) cells to chemotherapy. We show that all molecules identified inhibit IRE1 signaling and sensitize glioblastoma cells to the standard of care chemotherapy temozolomide (TMZ). From these inhibitors we selected one that was able to cross the Brain Blood Barrier (BBB) and evaluated its capacity to inhibit tumor growth and avoid relapse in vivo. These results support the attractiveness of IRE1 as an adjuvant therapeutic target in GBM; a common and wholly fatal diagnosis. In addition, they provide scope for quickly testing IRE1 inhibitor suitability in GBM as adjuvant therapy due to their current status for clinical use.
Project description:The Akita mutation (C96Y) in the insulin gene results in early onset diabetes in both humans and mice. Expression of the mutant proinsulin (C96Y) causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in pancreatic ?-cells and consequently the cell activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). Since the proinsulin is terminally misfolded however, the ER stress is irremediable and chronic activation of the UPR eventually activates apoptosis in the cell population. We used microarray gene expression arrays to analyze the IRE1-dependent activation of genes in response to misfolded proinsulin expression in an inducible mutant proinsulin (C96Y) insulinoma cell line by inhibiting the IRE1 endoribonucleas activity with a specific inhibitor, 4u8c. Insulinoma cells with doxycycline inducible C96Y-proinsulin expression were either untreated, treated with doxycycline alone or treated with dox and 4u8c. This was done with two biological replicates.
Project description:The Akita mutation (C96Y) in the insulin gene results in early onset diabetes in both humans and mice. Expression of the mutant proinsulin (C96Y) causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in pancreatic -cells and consequently the cell activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). Since the proinsulin is terminally misfolded however, the ER stress is irremediable and chronic activation of the UPR eventually activates apoptosis in the cell population. We used microarray gene expression arrays to analyze the IRE1-dependent activation of genes in response to misfolded proinsulin expression in an inducible mutant proinsulin (C96Y) insulinoma cell line by inhibiting the IRE1 endoribonucleas activity with a specific inhibitor, 4u8c.
Project description:To explore the regulatory mechanism by which inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) regulates oncogenic factors, particularly RAB3B, in luminal breast cancer cells, we blocked IRE1 activity in breast cancer cell lines by using the IRE1 inhibitor 4μ8C or expressing IRE1 dominant-negative for miRNA microarray analysis. SUM52 and SUM225 lines with high-level IRE1 expression were treated with 4μ8C for 2 days. The IRE1 kinase dominant-negative mutant K599A or K907A was also used to suppress IRE1 kinase or RNase activity in SUM52 cells. The miRNA microarray analysis revealed a landscape change in miRNA expression profiling in IRE1-inhibited luminal breast cancer cells. Using a criterion of p < 0.05 in miRNA analysis, we identified 41 miRNAs in both SUM52 and SUM225 cells that were altered after inhibiting IRE1 activity. Additionally, we exogenously overexpressed wild-type IRE1 in human nontumorigenic mammary epithelial MCF10A cells and then performed miRNA array assays. When we combined miRNA data from both IRE1 inhibition models in breast cancer cells and exogenous overexpression of IRE1 in MCF10A cells (p<0.05), we identified 5 miRNAs (3607-3p, 374a-5p, 4764-3p, 516a-3p, and 6073) that were upregulated in IRE1-inhibited breast cancer cells and downregulated in MCF10A-IRE1 cells.
Project description:To understand the mechanistic basis by which inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is involved in luminal breast cancer malignancy, we analyzed the transcriptomic signature that IRE1 regulates in breast cancer. We suppressed the activity of IRE1 RNase in luminal breast cancer SUM52 line by adenoviral-based over-expression of the IRE1 dominant-negative K599A or K907A, and then performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis with IRE1 dominant-negative and control SUM52 cells. Through the RNA-seq analysis, we identified 98 genes that were commonly upregulated (65 genes) or downregulated (33 genes) in K599A-expressing SUM52 (SUM52-K599A) or K907A-expressing SUM52 (SUM52-K907A) cells.
Project description:The unfolded protein response (UPR) aims to restore ER homeostasis under conditions of high protein folding load, a function primarily serving secretory cells. Additional, non-canonical UPR functions have recently been unraveled in immune cells. We addressed the function of the inositol-requiring-enzyme 1 (IRE1) signaling branch of the UPR in NK cells in homeostasis and microbial challenge. Cell-intrinsic compound deficiency (DKO) of IRE1 and its downstream transcription factor XBP1 in NKp46 + NK cells, did not affect basal NK cell homeostasis, or overall outcome of viral MCMV infection. However, mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed a competitive advantage in the proliferation of IRE1 sufficient Ly49H + NK cells after viral infection. CITE-Seq analysis confirmed strong induction of IRE1 early upon infection, concomitant with the activation of a canonical UPR signature. Therefore, we conclude that cell-intrinsic IRE1/XBP1 activation is required for NK cell proliferation early upon viral infection, as part of a canonical UPR response.
Project description:The IRE1 Rnase domain has been implicated in the pathology of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a disease with limited treatment options. The IRE1 Rnase mediates it's effects on the transcriptome via activation of the trancription factor XBP1s and via direct cleavage of mRNA through a process called RIDD. The processes through which the RNase domain contributes to TNBC is not fully understood. We used a novel small molecule inhibitor of the IRE1 Rnase to find novel targets of IRE1 in TNBC, in an effort to elucidate how it contributes to the disease.
Project description:We used microarrays to develop gene signatures for XBP1 and IRE1 in myeloma cells to explore the role of this UPR/differentiation pathway in proteasome inhibitor resistance.