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Spatiotemporal orchestration of phytohormones determines the organization pattern of aerenchyma in S. polyrhiza

ABSTRACT: Spatiotemporal orchestration of phytohormones determines the organization pattern of aerenchyma in S. polyrhiza

PROVIDER: PRJNA987514 | ENA |

REPOSITORIES: ENA

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Spatiotemporal orchestration of phytohormones determines the organization pattern of aerenchyma in S. polyrhiza

Project description:Aerenchyma is crucial for plant adaptation to stresses like hypoxia, drought, and nutritional deficiency. Although ethylene-mediated signaling cascades are known to regulate aerenchyma formation under hypoxic conditions, the precise mechanisms are still unclear. Moreover, cellular dynamics underlying the process of aerenchyma formation are still not well understood. We investigated the stage-dependent structural dynamics of aerenchyma in Spirodela polyrhiza (S. polyrhiza), a fast-growing aquatic herb with well-developed aerenchyma in its floating fronds. Using X-ray micro-computed tomography and histological analysis, we found that the spatial framework of aerenchyma was established before frond volume increased, driven by cell division and expansion. Additionally, the substomatal cavity connecting aerenchyma to stomata is formed via programmed cell death (PCD) closely associated with guard cell development. Transcriptome analysis and pharmacological studies further revealed that the organization of aerenchyma in S. polyrhiza is determined by the interplay between PCD and proliferation. This balance was governed by the spatiotemporal regulation of phytohormone signaling, including ethylene, abscisic acid, and salicylic acid. Our study sheds light on the structural dynamics and hormonal regulation of aerenchyma development in duckweeds, improving understanding of plant responses to environmental stresses and providing potential avenues for enhancing crop resilience under climate change.

2024-08-08 | GSE235730 | GEO

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Project description:5-methylcytosine (5mC) is a modified base often described as necessary for the proper regulation of genes and transposons and for the maintenance of genome integrity in plants. However, the extent of this dogma is limited by the current phylogenetic sampling of land plant species diversity. Here, we report that a monocot plant, Spirodela polyrhiza, has lost CG gene body methylation, genome-wide CHH methylation, and the presence or expression of several genes in the highly conserved RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. It has also lost the CHH methyltransferase CHROMOMETHYLASE 2. Consequently, the transcriptome is depleted of 24-nucleotide, heterochromatic, small interfering RNAs that act as guides for the deposition of 5mC to RdDM-targeted loci in all other currently sampled angiosperm genomes. Although the genome displays low levels of genome-wide 5mC primarily at LTR retrotransposons, CG maintenance methylation is still functional. In contrast, CHG methylation is weakly maintained even though H3K9me2 is present at loci dispersed throughout the euchromatin and highly enriched at regions likely demarcating pericentromeric regions. Collectively, these results illustrate that S. polyrhiza is maintaining CG and CHG methylation mostly at repeats. S. polyrhiza reproduces rapidly through clonal propagation in aquatic environments, which we hypothesize may enable low levels of maintenance methylation to persist in large populations.

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