Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Propionic Acid Induces Autistic-like Gene Expression Profiles, Inhibits Neurite Outgrowth, and Promotes Neurodegeneration in Cells from Non-Autistic Individuals

ABSTRACT: In this study, we investigated PPA-induced changes in gene expression profiles of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from unaffected individuals, compared with gene expression profiles of LCLs from sex-matched siblings with ASD. Global gene expression profiling analysis revealed that 96 genes in LCLs from the unaffected individuals were significantly altered after PPA exposure, exhibiting expression levels similar to those of their respective siblings with autism. Biological pathway analyses of these PPA-responsive genes suggested significant association with many neurological functions associated with autism, including synaptic transmission, neuronal cell differentiation and apoptosis. Moreover, we demonstrated that PPA also deregulated several of the responsive genes, including APOE, LIFR, NR3C1, and PTK2, in the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Functional analyses further showed that PPA exposure negatively impacted neurite outgrowth and promoted neurodegeneration in the human neuronal cell model. This study indicates that PPA exposure induces global changes in gene expression profiles of LCLs from non-autistic individuals that reflect expression patterns of LCLs from affected individuals. We conducted experiments using LCLs derived from individuals with ASD (n = 5) and their sex-matched unaffected siblings (n = 5). LCLs from non-ASD individuals were treated with 10 mM PPA, 10 mM propanol, or PBS. LCLs from individuals with ASD were treated with 10 mM propanol or PBS. At 24h after treatment, all LCLs were harvested. Gene expression profiling was conducted using TIGR 40K human cDNA microarrays. For each sample, total RNA was isolated and cDNA was synthesized, labeled with Cy-3 dye, and co-hybridized with Cy-5 labeled reference cDNA prepared from Universal human RNA (Stratagene, USA) on a TIGR 40K human cDNA microarray.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

SUBMITTER: Valerie Hu

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-32136 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Despite the identification of numerous autism susceptibility genes, the pathobiology of autism remains unknown. The present âcase-controlâ study takes a global approach to understanding the molecular basis of autism spectrum disorders based upon large-scale gene expression profiling. DNA microarray analyses were conducted on lymphoblastoid cell lines from over 20 sib pairs in which one sibling had a diagnosis of autism and the other was not affected in order to identify biochemical and signaling pathways which are differentially regulated in cells from autistic and nonautistic siblings. Bioinformatics and gene ontological analyses of the data implicate genes which are involved in nervous system development, inflammation, and cytoskeletal organization, in addition to genes which may be relevant to gastrointestinal or other physiological symptoms often associated with autism. Moreover, the data further suggests that these processes may be modulated by cholesterol/steroid metabolism, especially at the level of androgenic hormones. Elevation of male hormones, in turn, has been suggested as a possible factor influencing susceptibility to autism, which affects ~4 times as many males as females. Metabolic profiling of steroid hormones in lymphoblastoid cell lines from several pairs of siblings reveals higher levels of testosterone in the autistic sibling, which is consistent with the increased expression of two genes involved in the steroidogenesis pathway. Global gene expression profiling of cultured cells from ASD probands thus serves as a window to underlying metabolic and signaling deficits that may be relevant to the pathobiology of autism. Gene expression profiling of LCL from autistic (21) and nonautistic (17) siblings (4 sets of autistic twins included) were obtained using a custom-printed DNA microarray containing 39,936 elements (TIGR 40K Human array, GPL3427) and a reference design in which each sample was compared to the Stratagene Universal Human RNA standard. Following data normalization, the ratios of expression values for the autistic proband relative to his normal unaffected sibling were determined. Related siblings are identified by their common family ID# (AU****) as provided by the Autism Resource Genetic Exchange (AGRE) repository (and listed in Sample title). Differentially expressed genes were determined across all ratioed expression values for sib pairs (autistic vs. control) using one-class SAM (Statistical Analysis of Microarrays) analysis.

Project description:Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an early onset neurodevelopmental disorder, which is characterized by disturbances of brain function and behavioral deficits in core areas of impaired reciprocal socialization, impairment in communication skills, and repetitive or restrictive interests and behaviors. ASD is known to have a significant genetic risk, but the underlying genetic variation can be attributed to hundreds of genes. The molecular and pathophysiologic basis of ASD remains elusive because of its genetic heterogeneity and complexity, its high comorbidity with other diseases, and the paucity of brain tissue for study. The invasive nature of collecting primary neuronal tissue from patients might be circumvented through reprogramming peripheral cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are able to generate live neurons carrying the genetic variants of disease. This breakthrough allows us to access the cellular and molecular phenotypes of patients with âintrinsic autismâ, that is patients without known genetic disorders or identifiable syndromes or malformations. To do this, we studied a relatively homogeneous patient population of boys with intrinsic autism by excluding patients with known genetic disease or recognizable phenotypes or syndromes, as well as those with profound mental retardation or primary seizure disorders. We generated iPSCs from patients with intrinsic autism, their unaffected male siblings and age-, and sex-matched unaffected controls. And these stem cells were subsequently differentiated into electrophysiologically active neurons. The expression profile for autistic and their unaffected siblings' iPSC-derived neurons were compared. A distinct expression profile was found between autism and sib control. The significantly differentially expressed genes (> 2-fold, FDR < 0.05) in autistic iPSC-derived neurons were significantly enriched for processes related to synaptic transmission, such as neuroactive ligand-receptor signaling and extracellular matrix interactions (FDR < 0.05), and were significantly enriched for genes previously associated with ASD (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest approaches such as iPSC-derived neurons will be an important method to obtain tissue for study that appropriately recapitulates the complex dynamics of an autistic neural cell. We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from male patients with intrinsic autism, their unaffected male siblings, and age-, and sex-matched unaffected controls. And these stem cells were subsequently differentiated into electrophysiologically active neurons following 80 days of post-mitotic neural differentiation. These samples, including fibroblast, iPSC, iPSC-derived neural progenitors (NPC) and iPSC-derived neurons, were analyzed for the change of gene expression profile by whole genome microarray.

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Propionic Acid Induces Autistic-like Gene Expression Profiles, Inhibits Neurite Outgrowth, and Promotes Neurodegeneration in Cells from Non-Autistic Individuals

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