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Differential stress transcriptome landscape of historic and recently emerged hypervirulent strains of Clostridium difficile strains determined using RNA-seq

ABSTRACT: Purpose: To determine how divergent strains of C. difficile respond to environmental changes, the transcriptomes of two historic and two recently isolated hypervirulent strains were analyzed following nutrient shift and osmotic shock. Methods: Following nutrient shift and osmotic shock, mRNA profile were determined using sequing of transcriptome in biological duplicates, using Illumina Hi-seq 2000. Results: After applying the quality control steps, for each sample, sequence reads were 90 nucleotides in length and the total number of reads per sample was ~ 26.6 million on average. Expression of more than 90% CDS was detected under the three experimental conditions combined. About 20% of these genes were indentified to be differentially expressed at 1.5 fold or more. Conclusions: Our results reveal that although C. difficile strains contain a large number of shared and strain specific genes, the majority of the differentially expressed genes were core genes. We also detected a number of transcriptionally active regions that were not part of the primary genome annotation. Some of these are likely to be small regulatory RNAs. Differential stress transcriptomes of two historic (strain 630 and 196) and two recently emerged hypervirulent strains (stain R20291 and 32g58) of C. difficile was determined by deep sequencing, in duplicate, using Illumina Hi-Seq 2000.

ORGANISM(S): [Clostridium] difficile

SUBMITTER: Joy Scaria

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-50497 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Differential stress transcriptome landscape of historic and recently emerged hypervirulent strains of Clostridium difficile strains determined using RNA-seq

Project description:Purpose: To determine how divergent strains of C. difficile respond to environmental changes, the transcriptomes of two historic and two recently isolated hypervirulent strains were analyzed following nutrient shift and osmotic shock. Methods: Following nutrient shift and osmotic shock, mRNA profile were determined using sequing of transcriptome in biological duplicates, using Illumina Hi-seq 2000. Results: After applying the quality control steps, for each sample, sequence reads were 90 nucleotides in length and the total number of reads per sample was ~ 26.6 million on average. Expression of more than 90% CDS was detected under the three experimental conditions combined. About 20% of these genes were indentified to be differentially expressed at 1.5 fold or more. Conclusions: Our results reveal that although C. difficile strains contain a large number of shared and strain specific genes, the majority of the differentially expressed genes were core genes. We also detected a number of transcriptionally active regions that were not part of the primary genome annotation. Some of these are likely to be small regulatory RNAs.

2013-11-06 | GSE50497 | GEO

Exoproteomic analysis of two MLST clade 2 strains of Clostridioides difficile from Latin America

Project description:Clostridioides difficile BI/NAP1/ribotype 027 is an epidemic hypervirulent strain found worldwide, including in Latin America. We examined the genomes and exoproteomes of two multilocus sequence type (MLST) clade 2 C. difficile strains considered hypervirulent: ICC-45 (ribotype SLO231/UK[CE]821), isolated in Brazil, and NAP1/027/ST01 (LIBA5756), isolated during a 2010 outbreak in Costa Rica. C. difficile isolates were cultured and extracellular proteins were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Genomic analysis revealed that these isolates shared most of the gene composition. Only 83 and 290 NAP1/027 genes were considered singletons in ICC-45 and NAP1/027, respectively. Exoproteome analysis revealed 197 proteins, of which 192 were similar in both strains. Only five proteins were exclusive to the ICC-45 strain. These proteins were involved with catalytic and binding functions and indirectly interacted with proteins related to pathogenicity. Most proteins, including TcdA, TcdB, flagellin subunit, and cell surface protein, were overrepresented in the ICC-45 strain; 14 proteins, including mature S-layer protein, were present in higher proportions in LIBA5756. These data show close similarity between the genome and proteins in the supernatant of two strains with hypervirulent features isolated in Latin America and underscore the importance of epidemiological surveillance of the transmission and emergence of new strains.

2021-07-01 | PXD026218 | Pride

Comparative genomic hybridization of Clostridium difficile strains to identify markers of different ribotypes

Project description:Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) strains belonging to PCR ribotype 027, PFGE type NAP1, REA type B1 and toxinotype III, termed NAP1/027, have been implicated in the increased frequency of outbreaks of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) in North America and Europe. The NAP1/027 strains appears to be more virulent with an increased mortality and frequency of relapse. Current European C. difficile microarrays are designed to the first sequenced and annotated C. difficile complete genome - strain 630 (ribotype 12). A high density oligonucleotide microarray was designed to C. difficile 630 (CD630) sequence and extra probes corresponding to two PCR ribotypes O27 strains C. difficile R20291 and QCD-32g58 were also included. Comparative genomic hybridisation was used to identify markers of ribotype 027 strains and markers to identify CD630. Strains hybridised to the array included the most prevalent ribotypes found in the UK and Europe (106 and 001) as well as the emerging hypervirulent ribotype 078.

2010-07-01 | E-MTAB-162 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Clostridium difficile transcriptome of strain R20291 in response to cysteine by using a time-resolved RNA-seqencing

Project description:The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection has been steadily rising over the past decade. Its increased rate is associated with the specific NAP1/BI/027 strains which are “hypervirulent” and have led to several large outbreaks since their emergence. However, the relation between their outbreaks and virulence regulation mechanisms remains unclear. It has been reported that the major virulence factor TcdA and TcdB in C. difficile could be repressed by cysteine. Here, we investigated functional and virulence-associated regulation of C. difficile R20291 in response to cysteine stress by using a time-resolved genome-wide transcriptional analysis. Dramatic changes of gene expression in C. difficile were revealed in functional categories related to transport, metabolism, and regulators under cysteine stress during different phases of growth.

2020-12-12 | GSE107961 | GEO

Microbiota-dependent IL-33 restricts the virulence of binary toxin expressing epidemic Clostridium difficile via ILC2s.

Project description:Hypervirulent epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), referred to as NAPI/027, express an additional virulence factor, binary toxin (CDT), and are associated with more severe disease. Emerging evidence indicates gut immunity to C. difficile is a delicate balance between protection and pathology. To identify potential therapeutic host immune targets, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of host genes altered by NAPI/027 infection and identified interleukin-33 (IL-33) as a candidate immune target. Using a murine model, we show that both endogenous IL-33 and exogenous IL-33 treatment protect from the enhanced mortality, weight-loss and tissue pathology which is characteristic of hypervirulent C. difficile. IL-33 mediated protection was elicited through type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and adoptive transfer of purified ILC2s was sufficient to mitigate CDI- associated mortality and weight-loss. Furthermore, dysregulated IL-33 signaling via the soluble IL-33 decoy receptor (sST2) predicted disease severity and mortality in human patients. Lastly, colonic IL-33 expression appears to be regulated by the microbiota as antibiotic- depletion of IL-33 was rescued with mouse fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) and a human fecal spore preparation (HSP). Thus, IL-33 signaling is a novel therapeutic pathway for severe CDI which can potentially be targeted with rationally designed microbial therapies.

2019-05-09 | GSE122013 | GEO

Transcriptomic RNA-sequencing analysis of the hypervirulent Clostridioides difficile R20291 strain in response to trehalose

Project description:Clostridioides difficile, the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea worldwide, is a genetically diverse species which can metabolise a number of nutrient sources upon colonising a dysbiotic gut environment. Trehalose, a disaccharide sugar consisting of two glucose molecules bonded by an α 1,1-glycosidic bond, has been hypothesised to be involved in the emergence of C. difficile hypervirulence due to its increased utilisation by the RT027 and RT078 strains. Using RNA-sequencing analysis, we report the identification of a putative trehalose metabolism pathway which is induced during growth in trehalose: this has not been previously described within the C. difficile species. These data demonstrate the metabolic diversity exhibited by C. difficile which warrants further investigation to elucidate the molecular basis of trehalose metabolism within this important gut pathogen.

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Project description:Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming enteric anaerobe which can infect humans and a wide variety of animal species. Recently, the incidence and severity of human C. difficile infection has markedly increased. In this study, we evaluated the genomic content of 73 C. difficile strains isolated from humans, horses, cattle, and pigs by comparative genomic hybridization with microarrays containing coding sequences from C. difficile strains 630 and QCD-32g58. The sequenced genome of C. difficile strain 630 was used as a reference to define a candidate core genome of C. difficile and to explore correlations between host origins and genetic diversity. Approximately 16% of the genes in strain 630 were highly conserved among all strains, representing the core complement of functional genes defining C. difficile. Absent or divergent genes in the tested strains were distributed across the entire C. difficile 630 genome and across all the predicted functional categories. Interestingly, certain genes were conserved among strains from a specific host species, but divergent in isolates with other host origins. This information provides insight into the genomic changes which might contribute to host adaptation. Due to a high degree of divergence among C. difficile strains, a core gene list from this study offers the first step toward the construction of diagnostic arrays for C. difficile.

2008-02-01 | GSE9693 | GEO

Blocking Toxin function and Modulating Gut Microbiota: Caffeic Acid and its Derivatives as Potential Treatments for Clostridioides difficile Infections

Project description:<p>Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea that seriously threaten public health. Disruption of normal gut microbiota by the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents enables C. difficile to proliferate in the colon. The emergence and prevalence of hypervirulent C. difficile strains result in increased morbidity, mortality and recurrence rates of CDI, thus creating a pressing need for novel therapeutics. The multi-domain toxins TcdA and TcdB are the primary determinant of CDI pathogenesis, renders them ideal drug targets in the anti-virulence paradigm. In this study, we identified caffeic acid and its derivatives as active inhibitors of TcdB via a cell-based high-throughput phenotypic screening. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) could directly bind to TcdB, thus suppressing InsP6-induced autoproteolysis and inhibiting the glucosyltransferase activity. CAPE-treatment remarkably reduces the pathology of CDI in a murine infection model in terms of alleviated diarrhea symptom, decreased bacterial colonization and relieved histopathological lesions. Moreover, CAPE-treatment of C. difficile-challenged mice induces remarkable increase in the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota (e.g. Bacteroides) and alterations of gut metabolites (e.g. adenosine, D-proline and melatonin), which might partially contribute to the therapeutic outcomes of CAPE against CDI. Our results reveal the potential of CAPE as a therapeutic for the management of CDI, or CAPE might be served as a lead compound for the development of anti-virulence drug targeting TcdB.</p>

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