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Epstein-Barr Virus oncoprotein super-enhancers control B cell growth

ABSTRACT: Super-enhancers are principal determinants of cell transcription, development, phenotype, and oncogenesis, not yet implicated in host-pathogen interactions. We found four Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncoproteins and five EBV-activated NF-M-oM-^AM-+B subunits co-occupying thousand of enhancer sites in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs). Of these, 187 had markedly higher and broader histone H3K27ac signals characteristic of super-enhancer formation, and were designated M-bM-^@M-^\EBV super-enhancersM-bM-^@M-^]. EBV super-enhancer associated genes included MYC and BCL2, which enable LCL proliferation and survival. EBV super-enhancers were enriched for specific B cell transcription factor motifs and had high STAT5 and NFAT co-occupancy. EBV super-enhancer associated genes were more highly expressed than other LCL genes. Disruption of EBV super-enhancers by the bromo-domain inhibitor, JQ1, by conditional inactivation of an EBV oncoprotein or NF-M-oM-^AM-+B, decreased MYC or BCL2 gene expression and arrested LCL growth. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which EBV causes lymphoproliferation and identify opportunities for therapeutic intervention. ChIP-seq was used to define the BRD4 genome-wide landscape in GM12878 lymphoblastoid cells.

ORGANISM(S): Homo sapiens

SUBMITTER: Hufeng Zhou

PROVIDER: E-GEOD-62912 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Epstein-Barr Virus oncoprotein super-enhancers control B cell growth

Project description:Super-enhancers are principal determinants of cell transcription, development, phenotype, and oncogenesis, not yet implicated in host-pathogen interactions. We found four Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncoproteins and five EBV-activated NF-B subunits co-occupying thousand of enhancer sites in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs). Of these, 187 had markedly higher and broader histone H3K27ac signals characteristic of super-enhancer formation, and were designated “EBV super-enhancers”. EBV super-enhancer associated genes included MYC and BCL2, which enable LCL proliferation and survival. EBV super-enhancers were enriched for specific B cell transcription factor motifs and had high STAT5 and NFAT co-occupancy. EBV super-enhancer associated genes were more highly expressed than other LCL genes. Disruption of EBV super-enhancers by the bromo-domain inhibitor, JQ1, by conditional inactivation of an EBV oncoprotein or NF-B, decreased MYC or BCL2 gene expression and arrested LCL growth. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which EBV causes lymphoproliferation and identify opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

2014-11-01 | GSE62912 | GEO

3D genome landscape of Epstein-Barr Virus oncoproteins and virus activated NF-kB in lymphoblastoid cells

Project description:Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) encoded Nuclear Antigens (EBNAs) and virus activated NF-B subunits mostly bind to enhancers in EBV transformed lymphoblastoid cells lines (LCLs). Using LCL 3D genome organization map that links EBV enhancers to promoters, we built the most comprehensive virus regulome. EBV regulome contained 1992 genes and enhancers directly linked to them. ~30% of genes essential for LCL growth were linked to EBV enhancers. CRISPR knock out of EBNA2 sites significantly reduced their target gene expression. Additional EBV super-enhancer (ESE) targets including MCL1, IRF4, and EBF were identified. MYC ESEs looping to MYC TSS was dependent on EBNAs. CRISPR deletions of MYC ESEs greatly reduced MYC expression and LCL growth. EBNA3A/3C altered CDKN2A/B spatial organization to suppress senescence. EZH2 inhibition decreased the looping at the CDKN2A/B loci and reduced LCL growth. This study defines the most comprehensive host-pathogen interactions on the spatial organiz ation of chromatin during infection and cancer.

2019-07-01 | GSE101666 | GEO

3D genome landscape of Epstein-Barr Virus oncoproteins and virus activated NF-kB in lymphoblastoid cells

Project description:Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) encoded Nuclear Antigens (EBNAs) and virus activated NF-kB subunits mostly bind to enhancers in EBV transformed lymphoblastoid cells lines (LCLs). Using LCL 3D genome organization map that links EBV enhancers to promoters, we built the most comprehensive virus regulome. EBV regulome contained 1992 genes and enhancers directly linked to them. ~30% of genes essential for LCL growth were linked to EBV enhancers. CRISPR knock out of EBNA2 sites significantly reduced their target gene expression. Additional EBV super-enhancer (ESE) targets including MCL1, IRF4, and EBF were identified. MYC ESEs looping to MYC TSS was dependent on EBNAs. CRISPR deletions of MYC ESEs greatly reduced MYC expression and LCL growth. EBNA3A/3C altered CDKN2A/B spatial organization to suppress senescence. EZH2 inhibition decreased the looping at the CDKN2A/B loci and reduced LCL growth. This study defines the most comprehensive host-pathogen interactions on the spatial organization of chromatin during infection and cancer.

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ChIP-seq data of Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen Leader ProteinM-BM- (EBNALP)

Project description:Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV) Nuclear Antigens EBNALP and EBNA2 are co-expressed in EBV infected B-lymphocytes and are critical for Lymphoblastoid Cell Line (LCL) growth. EBNALP removes NCOR1 and RBPJ repressive complexes from promoter and enhancer sites and EBNA2 mostly activates transcription from distal enhancers. ChIP-seqs found EBNALP at 19,224 LCL sites, which were 33% promoter associated. EBNALP was associated with 10 transcription factor (TF) clusters that included YY1(63%), SP1(62%), PAX5(59%), BATF(50%), IRF4(49%), RBPJ(43%), ETS1(39%), PU.1(37%), RAD21(33%), NF-kB(31%), TBLR1(26%), ZNF143(24%), CTCF(23%), SMC3(21%), and EBF(17%). EBNALP sites had higher H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K27ac, H2Az, and RNA Pol II signals than EBNA2 sites and had similar transcription effects. EBNALP co-localized with 29% of 19,845 EBNA2 sites. EBNALP/EBNA2 sites were similar to EBNALP sites in promoter localization, associated cell TFs, Pol II, H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K27ac, and H2Az signals. EBNALP and EBNA2 promoter sites were more transcriptionally active than EBNALP or EBNA2 promoter sites. EBNALP was at the enhancer or promoter of myc and MYC affected genes, including cyclin D2, and bcl2. EBNALP at promoters with DNA looping and transcription factors, is positioned to deplete repressors from enhancers and promoters, enable chromatin remodeling, and transcription activation. Two EBNALP ChIP-seq replicates from IB4 LCL are analyzed in this study.

2013-07-31 | E-GEOD-49338 | biostudies-arrayexpress

CRISPR/Cas9 Screens Reveal Epstein-Barr virus Synthetic Lethal Targets

Project description:Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes endemic Burkitt lymphoma and immunosuppression-related lymphomas. These B-cell malignancies arise by distinct transformation pathways and utilize divergent viral and host expression programs. To identify host dependency factors elicited by EBV latent-infection states, we performed parallel genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screens in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and lymphoblasotid cell lines (LCL). Our results highlighted 57 BL and 87 LCL genes selectively critical for their growth and survival. LCL hits were enriched for EBV-induced genes, including viral super-enhancer targets and multiple kinases. We uncovered key CD19/CD81 roles in EBV membrane protein-driven PI3K/AKT activation and mechanisms by which EBV evades tumor suppressor responses to its growth program. LMP1-induced cFLIP was critical for LCL defense against TNFa-mediated programmed cell death, while EBV-induced BATF/IRF4 were critical for LCL BIM suppression and MYC induction. EBV super-enhancer targeted IRF2 protected LCLs against BLIMP1 responses. Collectively, our results identify host/pathogen interaction-driven synthetic lethal targets for therapeutic intervention.

2017-05-11 | GSE93681 | GEO

ChIP-seq data of Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen Leader Protein (EBNALP)

2013-07-31 | GSE49338 | GEO

MYC activation and BCL2L11 silencing by a tumor virus through the large-scale reconfiguration of enhancer-promoter hubs [EREB]

Project description:Lymphomagenesis in the presence of deregulated MYC expression requires suppression of MYC-driven apoptosis, often through downregulation of the pro-apoptotic BCL2L11 gene (Bim). Transcription factors (EBNAs) encoded by the lymphoma-associated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activate MYC and silence BCL2L11. We show that EBNA2 upregulates MYC by reconfiguring the 3 Mb MYC locus to increase upstream and decrease downstream enhancer-promoter interactions. EBNA2 recruits the SWI/SNF ATPase BRG1 to drive MYC enhancer-promoter interactions. MYC-Immunoglobulin translocation breakpoints in EBV-positive endemic Burkitt lymphoma localise to EBNA2-activated upstream MYC regions. This implicates EBV in the genesis and localisation of breakpoints, since active enhancers are targeted by activation-induced cytidine deaminase. We identify a novel haematopoietic BCL2L11 enhancer hub that is inactivated by EBNA3A and EBNA3C through recruitment of the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2. Reversal of enhancer inactivation using an EZH2 inhibitor upregulates BCL2L11 and induces apoptosis. EBV therefore drives lymphomagenesis by hijacking long-range enhancer hubs and specific cellular co-factors. A study of MYC enhancer-promoter interactions using 4C on induction of MYC by the Epstein-Barr virus transcription factor EBNA2 in a lymphoblastoid cell line.

2016-08-04 | E-GEOD-82149 | biostudies-arrayexpress

EBV Modulates Host Cell microRNA-194 to Promote IL-10 Production and B Lymphoma Cell Survival

Project description:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of EBV infection on host cell miR and to characterize the miRNome in EBV+ B cell lymphomas from patients with PTLD. A qPCR array was used to measure the expression level of 377 previously identified miRs from RNA isolated from three sources: total B cells isolated from healthy individuals (n=4), lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) generated by transformation of normal B cell with the B95-8 lab strain of EBV (n=4) and EBV+ B cell lines isolated from patients with PTLD (n=6).

2014-09-10 | GSE61283 | GEO

Striatal genes regulated by super-enhancers and displaying low paused RNAPII are preferentially down-regulated in Huntington’s disease [ChIP-seq]

Project description:Huntington neurodegenerative disease (HD) is associated with extensive down-regulation of neuronal genes. We show preferential down-regulation of super-enhancer-regulated neuronal function genes in the striatum of HD mice. Striatal super-enhancers display extensive H3K27 acetylation within gene bodies and drive transcription characterized by low levels of paused RNAPII. Down-regulation of gene expression is associated with diminished H3K27 acetylation and RNAPII recruitment. Striatal super-enhancers are enriched in binding motifs for Gata transcription factors, such as Gata2 regulating striatal identity genes. Thus, enhancer topography and transcription dynamics are major parameters determining the propensity of a gene to be deregulated in a neurodegenerative disease. Examination of H3k27ac and RNA pol II in Striatum by deep sequencing

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