Unknown,Transcriptomics,Genomics,Proteomics

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Sulphur dioxide evokes large scale reprogramming of the grape berry transcriptome

ABSTRACT: Sulphur is used as a food preservative, especially throughout the table grape and wine industries,
however there is increasing concern as to the health rises associated with human consumption.
Thus, we investigated the transcript abundance changes in grapes treated with sulfur dioxide and
other preservative compounds, compared to control treatments. Export quality, red-skinned M-^QCrimson
SeedlessM-^R grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) were harvested at commercial maturity from one vineyard
in the Swan Valley region of Western Australia. At least 15 kg grapes per treatment were
completely immersed in the treatment solution (? 1 min) and allowed to dry on racks before
being weighed in to 7 x 2 kg lined export cartons, without sulphur pads. Once packed, cartons
were immediately placed in 2 M-0C storage for up to 56 days and once cool, commercial
SO2-generating pads were placed into cartons for SO2 treatment. The salicylic acid (SA,
25 mM), methyl jasmonate (MJ, 5mM) and their combination (25 mM SA + 5 mM MJ) were
dissolved in 0.5 % (v/v) dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). A 0.5 % solution of DMSO was used
as a control treatment. An additional, untreated control for sulphur-treated berries was used.
Microarrays were performed in duplicate for the 6 treatments, Sulfur dioxide (plus untreated
control), SA, MJ, and the combined SAMJ treatment (plus DMSO control) on grape berries
after 21 days of treatment post harvest. The results indcate a large scale re-programing of
the grape berry transcritpome, similar to that which has been observed for prolonged
exposure to harsh oxidative stress conditions.

ORGANISM(S): Vitis vinifera

SUBMITTER: Estelle Giraud

PROVIDER: E-MEXP-3045 | biostudies-arrayexpress |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-arrayexpress

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Project description:Table grapes cv. Cardinal are highly perishable and their quality deteriorates during postharvest storage at low temperature mainly because of sensitivity to fungal decay and senescence of rachis. The application of a 3-day CO2 treatment with 20 kPa CO2 at 0C reduced total decay and retained fruit quality in early and late-harvested table grapes during postharvest storage. In order to study the transcriptional responsiveness of table grapes to low temperature and high CO2 levels in the first stage of storage and how the maturity stage affect these changes, we have performed a comparative large-scale transcriptional analysis. In the first stage of storage, low temperature led to a significantly intense change in grape skin transcriptome irrespective of fruit maturity, although there were different changes within each stage. In the case of CO2 treated samples, in comparison to fruit at time zero, only slight differences were observed. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that major modifications in the transcriptome profile of early- and late-harvested grapes stored at 0C are linked to biotic and abiotic stress-responsive terms. However, in both cases there is a specific reprogramming of the transcriptome during the first stage of storage at 0C in order to withstand the cold stress. Thus, genes involved in gluconeogenesis, photosynthesis, mRNA translation and lipid transport were up-regulated in the case of early-harvested grapes, and genes related to protein folding stability and intracellular membrane trafficking in late-harvested grapes. The beneficial effect of high CO2 treatment maintaining table grape quality seems to be an active process requiring the induction of several transcription factors and kinases in early-harvested grapes, and the activation of processes associated to the maintenance of energy in late-harvested grapes. Table grapes harvested at two maturity stages (early and late). 3 biological replicates. Early-harvested (MI:12.45) : Time zero, 3 days air 0C, 3 days high CO2 levels 0C. Late-harvested (MI: 41.08): Time zero, 3 days air 0C, 3 days high CO2 levels 0C.

Project description:Background Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are economically the most important fruit crop worldwide. However, the complexity of molecular and biochemical events that lead to the onset of ripening of nonclimacteric fruits is not fully understood which is further complicated in grapes due to seasonal and cultivar specific variantion. The Portuguese wine variety Trincadeira gives rise to high quality wines but presents extremely irregular berry ripening among seasons probably due to high susceptibility to abiotic and biotic stresses. Results Ripening of Trincadeira grapes was studied taking into account the transcriptional and metabolic profilings complemented with biochemical data. The mRNA expression profiles of four time points spanning developmental stages from pea size green berries, through veraison and mature berries (EL 32, EL 34, EL 35 and EL 36) and in two seasons (2007 and 2008) were compared using the Affymetrix GrapeGen® genome array containing 23096 probesets corresponding to 18726 unique sequences. Over 50% of these probesets were significantly differentially expressed (1.5 fold) between at least two developmental stages. A common set of modulated transcripts corresponding to 5862 unigenes indicates the activation of common pathways in between years despite the irregular development of Trincadeira grapes. These unigenes were assigned in the functional categories of “metabolism, development”, “cellular process”, “diverse functions”, “regulation overview”, “response to stimulus, stress”, “signaling”, “transport overview”, “xenoprotein, transposable element” and “unknown”. Metabolic profiling using 1H NMR spectroscopy associated to two-dimensional techniques showed the importance of metabolites related to oxidative stress response, amino acid and sugar metabolism as well as secondary metabolism in grape ripening. This information was integrated with transcriptional profiling obtained using genome array and qRT-PCR for five developmental stages (EL 32, EL 34, EL 35, EL 36 and EL 38). Conclusions Altogether the results provide new information regarding the network of events leading to grape ripening as well as highlight features that may be cultivar specific namely in what concerns the role of carbohydrates and growth regulators´ metabolism as well as epigenetic factors and signaling pathways. 4 time points in 2007 season. 3 time points in 2008 season. 3 biological replicates.

Project description:Grapes (Vitis species) are economically the most important fruit crop worldwide. However, the complexity of molecular and biochemical events that lead to the onset of ripening in berries as well as how aroma is developed are aspects not fully understood. In an attempt to identify the common mechanisms associated with the onset of ripening independently of the cultivar, grapes of Portuguese elite cultivars, Trincadeira, AragonM-CM-*s, and Touriga Nacional, were studied. The mRNA expression profiles corresponding to veraison (EL35) and to mature berries (EL36) were compared. Across the three varieties, 9,8% (2255) probesets corresponding to 1915 unigenes were robustly differentially expressed at EL 36 compared to EL 35. Eleven functional categories were represented in this differential gene set: primary metabolism, M-bM-^@M-^\secondary metabolismM-bM-^@M-^], cellular metabolismM-bM-^@M-^], developmentM-bM-^@M-^], M-bM-^@M-^\cellular processM-bM-^@M-^], M-bM-^@M-^\diverse functionsM-bM-^@M-^], M-bM-^@M-^\regulation overviewM-bM-^@M-^], response to stimulus, stressM-bM-^@M-^], M-bM-^@M-^\signalingM-bM-^@M-^], M-bM-^@M-^\transport overviewM-bM-^@M-^], and M-bM-^@M-^\xenoprotein, transposable elementM-bM-^@M-^] besides 32.24% genes of M-bM-^@M-^\unknownM-bM-^@M-^] function. Information on gene expression related to primary and secondary metabolism was verified by RT-qPCR analysis of selected candidate genes at four developmental stages (EL32, EL35, EL36 and EL 38). Gene expression data were integrated with metabolic profiling data from GC-EI-TOF/ MS and headspace GC-EI-MS platforms. Molecular and metabolic markers of grape ripening related to primary and secondary metabolism were established and revealed a substantial developmental reprogramming of cellular metabolism. Altogether the results provide valuable new information on the main metabolic events leading to grape ripening. Furthermore, we provide first hints about how the development of a cultivar specific aroma is controlled at the transcriptional level. 2 time points in 2008 season. 3 biological replicates. 3 cultivars

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Sulphur dioxide evokes large scale reprogramming of the grape berry transcriptome

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