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Characterization of ferret Pit1 as a receptor of feline leukemia virus subgroup B.

ABSTRACT: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that causes immune suppression and immunodeficiency, leading to opportunistic infections and leukemia/lymphoma in cats. Today, a variety of domestic mammals are kept in houses, and it is important to evaluate the possibility of interspecies transmission of FeLV. In this study, we assessed the infectivity of FeLV-B in ferrets that belong to Mustelidae. By pseudotype virus infection assay, we revealed that a ferret cell line, Mpf cells, is resistant to FeLV-B infection. The mRNA expression level of the FeLV-B receptor, Pit-1, was approximately half that of cat FEA cells in ferret Mpf cells. There was no significant difference in receptor usage between ferret's and cat's Pit1. These data may indicate the presence of the post-transcriptional modification and/or the restriction factor(s) against the FeLV-B infection in ferrets.

SUBMITTER: Shoji H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10076202 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Characterization of ferret Pit1 as a receptor of feline leukemia virus subgroup B.

Shoji Hiyori H Tsukasa Yuma Y Kitao Koichi K Miyazawa Takayuki T

The Journal of veterinary medical science 20230119 3

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that causes immune suppression and immunodeficiency, leading to opportunistic infections and leukemia/lymphoma in cats. Today, a variety of domestic mammals are kept in houses, and it is important to evaluate the possibility of interspecies transmission of FeLV. In this study, we assessed the infectivity of FeLV-B in ferrets that belong to Mustelidae. By pseudotype virus infection assay, we revealed that a ferret cell line, Mpf cells, is resistant to ...[more]

PMID: 36653146

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Project description:Subgroup B feline leukemia viruses (FeLV-Bs) evolve from subgroup A FeLV (FeLV-A) by recombining with portions of endogenous FeLV envelope sequences in the cat genome. The replication properties of FeLV-B are distinct from those of FeLV-A; FeLV-B infects many nonfeline cell lines and recognizes the human Pit1 (HuPit1) receptor, whereas FeLV-A infects primarily feline cells, using a distinct but as yet undefined receptor. Here, we demonstrate that some FeLV-Bs can also use human Pit2 (HuPit2) and hamster Pit2 (HaPit2) for entry. By making viruses that contain chimeric surface (SU) envelope proteins from FeLV-A and FeLV-B, and testing their infectivity, we have defined genetic determinants that confer host range and specific receptor recognition. HuPit1 receptor recognition determinants localize to the N-terminal region of the FeLV-B SU, amino acids 83 to 116, encompassing the N-terminal portion of variable region A (VRA). While this 34-amino-acid domain of the FeLV-B VRA is sufficient for infection of some cells (feline, canine, and human), amino acids 146 to 249 of FeLV-B, which include variable region B (VRB), were required for efficient infection in other cell types (hamster, bovine, and rat). Chimeras encoding FeLV-B VRA and VRB also infected cells expressing HaPit2 and HuPit2 receptors more efficiently than chimeras encoding only the VRA of FeLV-B, suggesting that VRB provides a secondary determinant that is both cell and receptor specific. However, viruses containing additional FeLV-B sequences in the C terminus of SU could not recognize HuPit2, implying that there is a determinant beyond VRB that negatively affects HuPit2 interactions. Thus, Pit2 recognition may drive selection for the generation of specific FeLV-B recombinants, offering an explanation for the two major classes of FeLV-B that have been observed in vivo. Furthermore, the finding that some FeLV-Bs can use both Pit1 and Pit2 may explain previous observations that FeLV-B and GALV, which primarily uses Pit1, display nonreciprocal interference on many cell types.

Project description:A new provirus clone of feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which we named FeLV-A (Rickard) or FRA, was characterized with respect to viral interference group, host range, complete genome sequence, and in vivo pathogenicity in specific-pathogen-free newborn cats. The in vitro studies indicated the virus to be an ecotropic subgroup A FeLV with 98% nucleotide sequence homology to another FeLV-A clone (F6A/61E), which had also been fully sequenced previously. Since subgroup B polytropic FeLVs (FeLV-B) are known to arise via recombination between ecotropic FeLV-A and endogenous FeLV (enFeLV) env elements, the in vivo studies were conducted by direct intradermal inoculation of the FRA plasmid DNA so as to eliminate the possibility of coinoculation of any FeLV-B which may be present in the inoculum prepared by propagating FeLV-A in feline cell cultures. The following observations were made from the in vivo experiments: (i) subgroup conversion from FeLV-A to FeLV-A and FeLV-B, as determined by the interference assay, appeared to occur in plasma between 10 and 16 weeks postinoculation (p.i.); (ii) FeLV-B-like recombinants (rFeLVs), however, could be detected in DNA isolated from buffy coats and bone marrow by PCR as early as 1 to 2 weeks p.i.; (iii) while a mixture of rFeLV species containing various amounts of N-terminal substitution of the endogenous FeLV-derived env sequences were detected at 8 weeks p.i., rFeLV species harboring relatively greater amounts of such substitution appeared to predominate at later infection time points; (iv) the deduced amino acid sequence of rFeLV clones manifested striking similarity to natural FeLV-B isolates, within the mid-SU region of the env sequenced in this work; and (v) four of the five cats, which were kept for determination of tumor incidence, developed thymic lymphosarcomas within 28 to 55 weeks p.i., with all tumor DNAs harboring both FeLV-A and rFeLV proviruses. These results provide direct evidence for how FeLV-B species evolve in vivo from FeLV-A and present a new experimental approach for efficient induction of thymic tumors in cats, which should be useful for the study of retroviral lymphomagenesis in this outbred species.

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Characterization of ferret Pit1 as a receptor of feline leukemia virus subgroup B.

Publications

Characterization of ferret Pit1 as a receptor of feline leukemia virus subgroup B.

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