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Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence.

ABSTRACT: Although no known asteroid poses a threat to Earth for at least the next century, the catalogue of near-Earth asteroids is incomplete for objects whose impacts would produce regional devastation^1,2. Several approaches have been proposed to potentially prevent an asteroid impact with Earth by deflecting or disrupting an asteroid^1-3. A test of kinetic impact technology was identified as the highest-priority space mission related to asteroid mitigation¹. NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission is a full-scale test of kinetic impact technology. The mission's target asteroid was Dimorphos, the secondary member of the S-type binary near-Earth asteroid (65803) Didymos. This binary asteroid system was chosen to enable ground-based telescopes to quantify the asteroid deflection caused by the impact of the DART spacecraft⁴. Although past missions have utilized impactors to investigate the properties of small bodies^5,6, those earlier missions were not intended to deflect their targets and did not achieve measurable deflections. Here we report the DART spacecraft's autonomous kinetic impact into Dimorphos and reconstruct the impact event, including the timeline leading to impact, the location and nature of the DART impact site, and the size and shape of Dimorphos. The successful impact of the DART spacecraft with Dimorphos and the resulting change in the orbit of Dimorphos⁷ demonstrates that kinetic impactor technology is a viable technique to potentially defend Earth if necessary.

SUBMITTER: Daly RT

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10115643 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence.

Daly R Terik RT Ernst Carolyn M CM Barnouin Olivier S OS Chabot Nancy L NL Rivkin Andrew S AS Cheng Andrew F AF Adams Elena Y EY Agrusa Harrison F HF Abel Elisabeth D ED Alford Amy L AL Asphaug Erik I EI Atchison Justin A JA Badger Andrew R AR Baki Paul P Ballouz Ronald-L RL Bekker Dmitriy L DL Bellerose Julie J Bhaskaran Shyam S Buratti Bonnie J BJ Cambioni Saverio S Chen Michelle H MH Chesley Steven R SR Chiu George G Collins Gareth S GS Cox Matthew W MW DeCoster Mallory E ME Ericksen Peter S PS Espiritu Raymond C RC Faber Alan S AS Farnham Tony L TL Ferrari Fabio F Fletcher Zachary J ZJ Gaskell Robert W RW Graninger Dawn M DM Haque Musad A MA Harrington-Duff Patricia A PA Hefter Sarah S Herreros Isabel I Hirabayashi Masatoshi M Huang Philip M PM Hsieh Syau-Yun W SW Jacobson Seth A SA Jenkins Stephen N SN Jensenius Mark A MA John Jeremy W JW Jutzi Martin M Kohout Tomas T Krueger Timothy O TO Laipert Frank E FE Lopez Norberto R NR Luther Robert R Lucchetti Alice A Mages Declan M DM Marchi Simone S Martin Anna C AC McQuaide Maria E ME Michel Patrick P Moskovitz Nicholas A NA Murphy Ian W IW Murdoch Naomi N Naidu Shantanu P SP Nair Hari H Nolan Michael C MC Ormö Jens J Pajola Maurizio M Palmer Eric E EE Peachey James M JM Pravec Petr P Raducan Sabina D SD Ramesh K T KT Ramirez Joshua R JR Reynolds Edward L EL Richman Joshua E JE Robin Colas Q CQ Rodriguez Luis M LM Roufberg Lew M LM Rush Brian P BP Sawyer Carolyn A CA Scheeres Daniel J DJ Scheirich Petr P Schwartz Stephen R SR Shannon Matthew P MP Shapiro Brett N BN Shearer Caitlin E CE Smith Evan J EJ Steele R Joshua RJ Steckloff Jordan K JK Stickle Angela M AM Sunshine Jessica M JM Superfin Emil A EA Tarzi Zahi B ZB Thomas Cristina A CA Thomas Justin R JR Trigo-Rodríguez Josep M JM Tropf B Teresa BT Vaughan Andrew T AT Velez Dianna D Waller C Dany CD Wilson Daniel S DS Wortman Kristin A KA Zhang Yun Y

Nature 20230301 7957

Although no known asteroid poses a threat to Earth for at least the next century, the catalogue of near-Earth asteroids is incomplete for objects whose impacts would produce regional devastation1,2. Several approaches have been proposed to potentially prevent an asteroid impact with Earth by deflecting or disrupting an asteroid1-3. A test of kinetic impact technology was identified as the highest-priority space mission related to asteroid mitigation1. NASA's Doub ...[more]

PMID: 36858073

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Project description:BackgroundFlavescence dorée (FD) is a grapevine disease caused by phytoplasma and it is one of the most destructive pathologies in Europe. Nowadays, the only strategies used to control the epidemics are insecticides against vector, but more sustainable techniques are required. Completely resistant Vitis vinifera varieties have not been uncovered yet, but differences in susceptibility among cultivars and spontaneous recovery from FD symptoms have been observed. The grapevine cultivar 'Tocai friulano' shows very low susceptibility to FD but its defence strategy to counteract the phytoplasma spread has not been deciphered yet. In this work, the mechanisms occurring within 'Tocai friulano' FD-infected plants were examined in depth to identify the phytoplasma distribution and the defence pathways involved.ResultsIn 'Tocai friulano' symptoms of FD-infection remained confined near the area where they appeared during all the vegetative season. Analyses of secondary phloem showed a total absence of FD phytoplasma (FDp) in the trunk and its disappearance in 2-year-old arms from July to November, which was different from 'Pinot gris', a highly susceptible variety. Diverse modulations of defence genes and accumulation of metabolites were revealed in 1-year-old canes of 'Tocai friulano' FD-infected plants, depending on the sanitary status. Symptomatic portions showed high activation of both jasmonate- and salicylate-mediated responses, together with a great accumulation of resveratrol. Whereas activation of jasmonate-mediated response and high content of ε-viniferin were identified in asymptomatic 1-year-old cane portions close to the symptomatic ones.ConclusionSuccessful defence mechanisms activated near the symptomatic areas allowed the compartmentation of FD symptoms and phytoplasmas within the infected 'Tocai friulano' plants. These results could suggest specific agronomical practices to be adopted during FD management of this variety, and drive research of resistance genes against FD.

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Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence.

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Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence.

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