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The 4-α-Glucanotransferase AcbQ Is Involved in Acarbose Modification in Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110.

ABSTRACT: The pseudo-tetrasaccharide acarbose, produced by Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110, is a α-glucosidase inhibitor used for treatment of type 2 diabetes patients. In industrial production of acarbose, by-products play a relevant role that complicates the purification of the product and reduce yields. Here, we report that the acarbose 4-α-glucanotransferase AcbQ modifies acarbose and the phosphorylated version acarbose 7-phosphate. Elongated acarviosyl metabolites (α-acarviosyl-(1,4)-maltooligosaccharides) with one to four additional glucose molecules were identified performing in vitro assays with acarbose or acarbose 7-phosphate and short α-1,4-glucans (maltose, maltotriose and maltotetraose). High functional similarities to the 4-α-glucanotransferase MalQ, which is essential in the maltodextrin pathway, are revealed. However, maltotriose is a preferred donor and acarbose and acarbose 7-phosphate, respectively, serve as specific acceptors for AcbQ. This study displays the specific intracellular assembly of longer acarviosyl metabolites catalyzed by AcbQ, indicating that AcbQ is directly involved in the formation of acarbose by-products of Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110.

SUBMITTER: Nolting S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10146171 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The 4-α-Glucanotransferase AcbQ Is Involved in Acarbose Modification in <i>Actinoplanes</i> sp. SE50/110.

Nölting Sophia S März Camilla C Jacob Lucas L Persicke Marcus M Schneiker-Bekel Susanne S Kalinowski Jörn J

Microorganisms 20230327 4

The pseudo-tetrasaccharide acarbose, produced by <i>Actinoplanes</i> sp. SE50/110, is a α-glucosidase inhibitor used for treatment of type 2 diabetes patients. In industrial production of acarbose, by-products play a relevant role that complicates the purification of the product and reduce yields. Here, we report that the acarbose 4-α-glucanotransferase AcbQ modifies acarbose and the phosphorylated version acarbose 7-phosphate. Elongated acarviosyl metabolites (α-acarviosyl-(1,4)-maltooligosacch ...[more]

PMID: 37110271

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 is known as the wild type producer of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose, a potent drug used worldwide in the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus. As the incidence of diabetes is rapidly rising worldwide, an ever increasing demand for diabetes drugs, such as acarbose, needs to be anticipated. Consequently, derived Actinoplanes strains with increased acarbose yields are being used in large scale industrial batch fermentation since 1990 and were continuously optimized by conventional mutagenesis and screening experiments. This strategy reached its limits and is generally superseded by modern genetic engineering approaches. As a prerequisite for targeted genetic modifications, the complete genome sequence of the organism has to be known. RESULTS:Here, we present the complete genome sequence of Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 [GenBank:CP003170], the first publicly available genome of the genus Actinoplanes, comprising various producers of pharmaceutically and economically important secondary metabolites. The genome features a high mean G + C content of 71.32% and consists of one circular chromosome with a size of 9,239,851 bp hosting 8,270 predicted protein coding sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the core genome revealed a rather distant relation to other sequenced species of the family Micromonosporaceae whereas Actinoplanes utahensis was found to be the closest species based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison. Besides the already published acarbose biosynthetic gene cluster sequence, several new non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-, polyketide synthase- and hybrid-clusters were identified on the Actinoplanes genome. Another key feature of the genome represents the discovery of a functional actinomycete integrative and conjugative element. CONCLUSIONS:The complete genome sequence of Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 marks an important step towards the rational genetic optimization of the acarbose production. In this regard, the identified actinomycete integrative and conjugative element could play a central role by providing the basis for the development of a genetic transformation system for Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 and other Actinoplanes spp. Furthermore, the identified non-ribosomal peptide synthetase- and polyketide synthase-clusters potentially encode new antibiotics and/or other bioactive compounds, which might be of pharmacologic interest.

Project description:BackgroundAcarbose is used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type II and is produced by Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110. Although the biosynthesis of acarbose has been intensively studied, profound knowledge about transcription factors involved in acarbose biosynthesis and their binding sites has been missing until now. In contrast to acarbose biosynthetic gene clusters in Streptomyces spp., the corresponding gene cluster of Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 lacks genes for transcriptional regulators.ResultsThe acarbose regulator C (AcrC) was identified through an in silico approach by aligning the LacI family regulators of acarbose biosynthetic gene clusters in Streptomyces spp. with the Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 genome. The gene for acrC, located in a head-to-head arrangement with the maltose/maltodextrin ABC transporter malEFG operon, was deleted by introducing PCR targeting for Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110. Characterization was carried out through cultivation experiments, genome-wide microarray hybridizations, and RT-qPCR as well as electrophoretic mobility shift assays for the elucidation of binding motifs. The results show that AcrC binds to the intergenic region between acbE and acbD in Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 and acts as a transcriptional repressor on these genes. The transcriptomic profile of the wild type was reconstituted through a complementation of the deleted acrC gene. Additionally, regulatory sequence motifs for the binding of AcrC were identified in the intergenic region of acbE and acbD. It was shown that AcrC expression influences acarbose formation in the early growth phase. Interestingly, AcrC does not regulate the malEFG operon.ConclusionsThis study characterizes the first known transcription factor of the acarbose biosynthetic gene cluster in Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110. It therefore represents an important step for understanding the regulatory network of this organism. Based on this work, rational strain design for improving the biotechnological production of acarbose can now be implemented.

Project description:BackgroundActinoplanes sp. SE50/110 is a natural producer of acarbose. It has been extensively studied in the last decades, which has led to the comprehensive analysis of the whole genome, transcriptome and proteome. First genetic and microbial techniques have been successfully established allowing targeted genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 and conjugal transfer. Still, a suitable system for the overexpression of singular genes does not exist for Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110. Here, we discuss, test and analyze different strategies by the example of the acarbose biosynthesis gene acbC.ResultsThe integrative φC31-based vector pSET152 was chosen for the development of an expression system, as for the replicative pSG5-based vector pKC1139 unwanted vector integration by homologous recombination was observed. Since simple gene duplication by pSET152 integration under control of native promoters appeared to be insufficient for overexpression, a promoter screening experiment was carried out. We analyzed promoter strengths of five native and seven heterologous promoters using transcriptional fusion with the gusA gene and glucuronidase assays as well as reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Additionally, we mapped transcription starts and identified the promoter sequence motifs by 5'-RNAseq experiments. Promoters with medium to strong expression were included into the pSET152-system, leading to an overexpression of the acbC gene. AcbC catalyzes the first step of acarbose biosynthesis and connects primary to secondary metabolism. By overexpression, the acarbose formation was not enhanced, but slightly reduced in case of strongest overexpression. We assume either disturbance of substrate channeling or a negative feed-back inhibition by one of the intermediates, which accumulates in the acbC-overexpression mutant. According to LC-MS-analysis, we conclude, that this intermediate is valienol-7P. This points to a bottleneck in later steps of acarbose biosynthesis.ConclusionDevelopment of an overexpression system for Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110 is an important step for future metabolic engineering. This system will help altering transcript amounts of singular genes, that can be used to unclench metabolic bottlenecks and to redirect metabolic resources. Furthermore, an essential tool is provided, that can be transferred to other subspecies of Actinoplanes and industrially relevant derivatives.

Project description:BackgroundActinoplanes sp. SE50/110 is the natural producer of the diabetes mellitus drug acarbose, which is highly produced during the growth phase and ceases during the stationary phase. In previous works, the growth-dependency of acarbose formation was assumed to be caused by a decreasing transcription of the acarbose biosynthesis genes during transition and stationary growth phase.ResultsIn this study, transcriptomic data using RNA-seq and state-of-the-art proteomic data from seven time points of controlled bioreactor cultivations were used to analyze expression dynamics during growth of Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110. A hierarchical cluster analysis revealed co-regulated genes, which display similar transcription dynamics over the cultivation time. Aside from an expected metabolic switch from primary to secondary metabolism during transition phase, we observed a continuously decreasing transcript abundance of all acarbose biosynthetic genes from the early growth phase until stationary phase, with the strongest decrease for the monocistronically transcribed genes acbA, acbB, acbD and acbE. Our data confirm a similar trend for acb gene transcription and acarbose formation rate. Surprisingly, the proteome dynamics does not follow the respective transcription for all acb genes. This suggests different protein stabilities or post-transcriptional regulation of the Acb proteins, which in turn could indicate bottlenecks in the acarbose biosynthesis. Furthermore, several genes are co-expressed with the acb gene cluster over the course of the cultivation, including eleven transcriptional regulators (e.g. ACSP50_0424), two sigma factors (ACSP50_0644, ACSP50_6006) and further genes, which have not previously been in focus of acarbose research in Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110.ConclusionIn conclusion, we have demonstrated, that a genome wide transcriptome and proteome analysis in a high temporal resolution is well suited to study the acarbose biosynthesis and the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation thereof.

Dataset Information

The 4-α-Glucanotransferase AcbQ Is Involved in Acarbose Modification in Actinoplanes sp. SE50/110.

Publications

The 4-α-Glucanotransferase AcbQ Is Involved in Acarbose Modification in <i>Actinoplanes</i> sp. SE50/110.

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