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Pilot-scale testing of natural gas pipeline monitoring based on phase-OTDR and enhanced scatter optical fiber cable.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, we present the results of lab and pilot-scale testing of a continuously enhanced backscattering, or Rayleigh enhanced fiber cable that can improve distributed acoustic sensing performance. In addition, the Rayleigh-enhanced fiber is embedded within a tight buffered cable configuration to withstand and be compatible for field applications. The sensing fiber cable exhibits a Rayleigh enhancement of 13 dB compared to standard silica single-mode fiber while maintaining low attenuation of ≤ 0.4 dB/km. We built a phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry system to interrogate the enhanced backscattering fiber cable both in lab and pilot-scale tests. In the laboratory experiment, we analyzed the vibration performance of the enhanced backscattering fiber cable and compared it with the standard single-mode telecom fiber. Afterward, we field validated for natural gas pipeline vibration monitoring using a 4-inch diameter steel pipeline operating at a fixed pressure level of 1000 psi, and a flow rate of 5, 10, 15, and 20 ft/s. The feasibility of gas pipeline monitoring with the proposed enhanced backscattering fiber cable shows a substantial increase in vibration sensing performance. The pilot-scale testing results demonstrated in this paper enable pipeline operators to perform accurate flow monitoring, leak detection, third-party intrusion detection, and continuous pipeline ground movement.

SUBMITTER: Lalam N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC10462723 | biostudies-literature | 2023 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Pilot-scale testing of natural gas pipeline monitoring based on phase-OTDR and enhanced scatter optical fiber cable.

Lalam Nageswara N Westbrook Paul P Naeem Khurram K Lu Ping P Ohodnicki Paul P Diemler Nathan N Buric Michael P MP Wright Ruishu R

Scientific reports 20230828 1

In this paper, we present the results of lab and pilot-scale testing of a continuously enhanced backscattering, or Rayleigh enhanced fiber cable that can improve distributed acoustic sensing performance. In addition, the Rayleigh-enhanced fiber is embedded within a tight buffered cable configuration to withstand and be compatible for field applications. The sensing fiber cable exhibits a Rayleigh enhancement of 13 dB compared to standard silica single-mode fiber while maintaining low attenuation ...[more]

PMID: 37640901

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Project description:G-ratio is crucial for understanding the nervous system's health and function as it measures the relative myelin thickness around an axon. However, manual measurement is biased and variable, emphasizing the need for an automated and standardized technique. Although deep learning holds promise, current implementations lack clinical relevance and generalizability. This study aimed to develop an automated pipeline for selecting nerve fibers and calculating relevant g-ratio using quality parameters in optical microscopy. Histological sections from the sciatic nerves of 16 female mice were prepared and stained with either p-phenylenediamine (PPD) or toluidine blue (TB). A custom UNet model was trained on a mix of both types of staining to segment the sections based on 7,694 manually delineated nerve fibers. Post-processing excluded non-relevant nerves. Axon diameter, myelin thickness, and g-ratio were computed from the segmentation results and its reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Validation was performed on adjacent cuts of the same nerve. Then, morphometrical analyses of both staining techniques were performed. High agreement with the ground truth was shown by the model, with dice scores of 0.86 (axon) and 0.80 (myelin) and pixel-wise accuracy of 0.98 (axon) and 0.94 (myelin). Good inter-device reliability was observed with ICC at 0.87 (g-ratio) and 0.83 (myelin thickness), and an excellent ICC of 0.99 for axon diameter. Although axon diameter significantly differed from the ground truth (p = 0.006), g-ratio (p = 0.098) and myelin thickness (p = 0.877) showed no significant differences. No statistical differences in morphological parameters (g-ratio, myelin thickness, and axon diameter) were found in adjacent cuts of the same nerve (ANOVA p-values: 0.34, 0.34, and 0.39, respectively). Comparing all animals, staining techniques yielded significant differences in mean g-ratio (PPD: 0.48 ± 0.04, TB: 0.50 ± 0.04), myelin thickness (PPD: 0.83 ± 0.28 μm, TB: 0.60 ± 0.20 μm), and axon diameter (PPD: 1.80 ± 0.63 μm, TB: 1.78 ± 0.63 μm). The proposed pipeline automatically selects relevant nerve fibers for g-ratio calculation in optical microscopy. This provides a reliable measurement method and serves as a potential pre-selection approach for large datasets in the context of healthy tissue. It remains to be demonstrated whether this method is applicable to measure g-ratio related with neurological disorders by comparing healthy and pathological tissue. Additionally, our findings emphasize the need for careful interpretation of inter-staining morphological parameters.

Dataset Information

Pilot-scale testing of natural gas pipeline monitoring based on phase-OTDR and enhanced scatter optical fiber cable.

Publications

Pilot-scale testing of natural gas pipeline monitoring based on phase-OTDR and enhanced scatter optical fiber cable.

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