Female Presidents in American Gastroenterology Societies: An Upward Trend.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Mansour MR
PROVIDER: S-EPMC11308086 | biostudies-literature | 2023
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Female Presidents in American Gastroenterology Societies: An Upward Trend.
Mansour M R MR Denha E J EJ Rida A M AM Meram T D TD Abushukur Y Y Salgia R J RJ
Gastro hep advances 20230601 7
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Project description:ObjectiveThe present study aimed to analyze the academic attributes of the presidents of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) over the past four decades to elucidate the trajectories of these societies' leaderships.MethodsForty-three AANS and 43 CNS presidents of the past four decades were identified. Demographic and research productivity data were collected from publicly available sources.ResultsCompared to AANS presidents, CNS presidents were younger (median = 48 years vs. 59.5 years; p < 0.001), had fewer years of practice prior to their election (15 years vs. 28 years; p < 0.001), had higher NIH funding rate (37.2% vs. 11.6%; p = 0.01), and higher rate of practicing at academic institutions (93% vs. 74.4%; p = 0.04). The CNS presidents had a comparable median number of publications at election (AANS: 72 vs. CNS: 94 publications, p = 0.78) but a higher median h-index scores (AANS: 28 vs. CNS: 59; p = 0.04). In the multiple linear regression analysis, vascular subspecialty (β = 0.21 [95% CI: 0.09-0.34]; p = 0.002) and practicing in a non-academic institution (β = 0.23 [95% CI: 0.08-0.39]; p = 0.007) were predictors for later election for AANS presidency.ConclusionsWe characterized the attributes of AANS and CNS presidents to serve as useful references for career trajectories for junior neurosurgeons and trainees. Research and academic presence seem to be associated with early election to both societies.
| S-EPMC10966281 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimsThe purpose of this study was to initiate and stimulate collaborative research efforts to support United European Gastroenterology Federation (UEG) member societies facilitating digestive health research in European on the one hand and, on the other hand, to increase EU-funded digestive health research by providing evidence and advice to funding bodies on priority areas. The UEG Research Committee initiated a survey of the current and future research interests of each individual UEG ordinary member society (specialist societies).MethodsA questionnaire was sent by mail to 17 UEG ordinary member societies asking them to specify research demands related to the most urgent medical need including basic science research, translational research, clinical research, patient management research and research on disease prevention, in an open fashion but with limited word count.ResultsThe responses from 13 societies were analysed in a semi-quantitative and in a qualitative way, and were clustered into five domains with two aspects each that were consented and shared between three and seven of the responding 13 societies. These clusters resemble topics such as 'Hot topics' (e.g. life-style, nutrition, microbial-host interaction), Biomarkers (genetic profiling, gut-brain interaction), Advanced technology (artificial intelligence, personalised medicine), Global research tools (bio-banking, EU trials), and Medical training (education, prevention).ConclusionThe generated topic list allows both collaboration between individual specialist societies as well as initiating and fostering future research calls at the EU level and beyond when approaching stakeholders.
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Project description:Collective memory studies show that Americans remember their presidents in a predictable pattern, which can be described as a serial position curve with an additional spike for Abraham Lincoln. However, all prior studies have tested Americans' collective memory for the presidents by their names. How well do Americans know the faces of the presidents? In two experiments, we investigated presidential facial recognition and compared facial recognition to name recognition. In Experiment 1, an online sample judged whether each of the official portraits of the US presidents and similar portraits of nonpresidents depicted a US president. The facial recognition rate (around 60%) was lower than the name recognition rate in past research (88%), but the overall pattern still fit a serial position curve. Some nonpresidents, such as Alexander Hamilton, were still falsely identified as presidents at high rates. In Experiment 2, a college sample completed a recognition task composed of both faces and names to directly compare the recognition rates. As predicted, subjects recognized the names of the presidents more frequently than the faces. Some presidents were frequently identified by their names but not by their faces (e.g. John Quincy Adams), while others were the opposite (e.g. Calvin Coolidge). Together, our studies show that Americans' memory for the faces of the presidents is somewhat worse than their memory for the names of the presidents but still follows the same pattern, indicating that collective memories contain more than just verbal information.
| S-EPMC8313295 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Purpose We examined the gender distribution and academic productivity of North American ophthalmology societies' board members. Methods Cross-sectional and retrospective study of board members on American and Canadian ophthalmology societies. In December 2022, data was gathered from society webpages, online archives, and the Scopus database for publication information. Results Of the identified 73 board presidents and 876 other board members, 49 (67.1%) board presidents were men and 24 (32.9%) were women, while 554 (63.2%) other board members were men and 322 (36.8%) were women ( p = 0.53). Overall, board members who were men had significantly higher median h-indexes (men vs. women: 10 [interquartile range [IQR] = 22] vs. 7 [IQR = 12], p = 0.03) and median publication numbers (men vs. women: 23 [IQR = 84] vs. 14 [IQR = 52.3], p = 0.01). However, m-quotients (h-index divided by length of academic career) were not significantly different (men vs. women: 0.46 [IQR = 0.74] vs. 0.50 [IQR = 0.55], p = 0.67). Overall, a significant increase in the proportion of women board presidents comparing periods 1942 to 1961 and 2002 to 2021 was observed for all societies combined (3.1% [2/65] to 23.6% [210/888], p < 0.001). Conclusion The fraction of women on the academic boards in North American ophthalmology societies has increased sevenfold over the past 83 years. The gender composition of ophthalmology society boards is consistent with the gender composition of practicing ophthalmologists in the United States. Women in board or society positions have comparable academic output to men. Existing and new efforts to sustain progress in promoting women's representation and leadership opportunities must continue.
| S-EPMC10719047 | biostudies-literature
Project description:(1) Background: To compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity in boys and girls and to estimate socioeconomic differences associated with obesity in Spain in 1997, 2007, and 2017. (2) Methods: Data were drawn from national health interview surveys. For each year of study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was measured, and these results were compared by gender (boy/girl) and socioeconomic status (low/high education). (3) Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity rose from 1997 to 2007 but then fell in 2017 in all subgroups except in girls aged 10 to 15 years. In this group, there was a steady increase in the prevalence of both overweight (1997, 14.6%; 2007, 17.7%; 2017, 19.6%) and obesity (1.1, 3.2, and 3.7%, respectively). The decrease in prevalence of overweight in both sexes and of obesity in boys, along with the increase in prevalence of obesity in girls, was of a higher magnitude in children whose parents had a lower educational level. (4) Conclusions: The apparent turnaround in the obesity epidemic in Spain should be interpreted with caution. Children's body weight is influenced by both gender and socioeconomic status-considerations that should be kept in mind when designing health promotion interventions.
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Project description:BackgroundWomen have historically been underrepresented in gastroenterology (GI). Currently they compose only a small percentage of practicing GI physicians in the United States. Despite the rise in women graduating medical school, the percentage of current female GI fellows has remained low in recent years. In this study, we sought to examine the trends of female representation in GI over the past 10 years, to further elucidate the disparity, and to illustrate if any major changes have occurred. The findings were compared to those for other specialties to shed light on the relationship between them.MethodsThis retrospective study used data on the gender of residents obtained through the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Data Resource Books from 2009-2019. Chi-square statistical testing was used to compare representation percentages across groups. Significance was determined at the P<0.05 level, while P<0.01 was also reported.ResultsOver a 10-year period from 2009-2019, an average of 33.6% of GI fellowship positions were filled by women, an increase of only 3.3% since 2009. Chi-square analysis of proportions across groups demonstrated a significantly lower percentage of female representation in GI in comparison to other specialties.ConclusionsDespite an increase in the number of women entering and graduating from medical school within the last decade, the number of female gastroenterologists remains a poor reflection of it. GI continues to have a significantly lower female representation than other specialties over the last decade.
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Project description:BackgroundFollicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in Western countries. However, it is relatively rare in Asia. This study examined epidemiologic characteristics of FL in South Korea, with an emphasis on recent trends of increase in cases.MethodsWe retrospectively examined 239 cases of newly diagnosed FL at a large tertiary institution in Korea (Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea) between 2008 and 2017. Age-adjusted incidence rates and clinicopathological variables were analyzed, and joinpoint regression analysis was used to identify the changes.ResultsThe age-adjusted incidence of FL significantly increased during the study period (p = .034), and the ratio of (relative incidence) patients with FL to patients with NHL increased from 4.28% to 9.35% in the same period. Over the 10-year study assessment duration, the proportion of patients with stage III/IV FL (p = .035) and expression of BCL2 (p = .022) or BCL6 (p = .039) significantly increased. From 2013-2017, the proportion of patients with highrisk Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) score increased (21.5% to 28.7%), whereas that of low-risk FLIPI decreased (55.4% to 38.6%), although those results were not statistically significant (p = .066).ConclusionsWe found an increasing incidence of FL, with a disproportionate increase in the incidence of high-stage disease and recent changes in the clinicopathologic features of the Korean patient population.
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Project description:After almost three decades of U.S. surveillance in fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake and obesity, it is important to evaluate their usefulness for monitoring prevention and health promotion efforts in public health. We used U.S. surveillance data to evaluate whether the 16-year trends of F&V intake, measured by the prevalence of eating five or more servings of fruits and vegetables a day (FV5/day) is related to obesity trend as measured by its prevalence in the same period. We also evaluated whether trends in the prevalence of FV5/day by important sociodemographic factors (age, race/ethnicity, etc.) could explain the findings. A secondary analysis of U.S. adults (≥ 18 years) from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) (1994-2009). We categorized survey subjects for their F&V intake derived from the BRFSS six-question food frequency questionnaire into two groups: < FV5/day vs. ≥ FV5/day. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30. We used logistic regressions to compute predicted prevalence of FV5/day and obesity, and to estimate the odds ratio of FV5/day by obesity and levels of sociodemographic, stratified by year. Between 1994 and 2009, the prevalence of FV5/day hovered around 25% among U.S. adults, while the obesity prevalence steadily increased from 14.8% to 27.4%. As measured through odds ratio, an inverse association between FV5/day and obesity was only observed in 55+, but not in other age, racial/ethnic or education groups. Between 1994 and 2009, we could not confirm a decrease in the prevalence of FV5/day associated with an increase in obesity prevalence, except for age 55+ group. Known disparities in FV5/day and obesity across sociodemographic factors persisted over the study period. FV5/day may be an inappropriate measure of total calories derived from eating fruits and vegetables. Its use to measure impact of public health strategies to improve nutrition and prevent obesity may be questionable.
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Project description:In this paper, we present the academic genealogy of presidents of the Psychometric Society by constructing a genealogical tree, in which Ph.D. students are encoded as descendants of their advisors. Results show that most of the presidents belong to five distinct lineages that can be traced to Wilhelm Wundt, James Angell, William James, Albert Michotte or Carl Friedrich Gauss. Important psychometricians Lee Cronbach and Charles Spearman play only a marginal role. The genealogy systematizes important historical knowledge that can be used to inform studies on the history of psychometrics and exposes the rich and multidisciplinary background of the Psychometric Society.
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Project description:Cultural psychologists often treat binary contrasts of West versus East, individualism versus collectivism, and independent versus interdependent self-construal as interchangeable, thus assuming that collectivist societies promote interdependent rather than independent models of selfhood. At odds with this assumption, existing data indicate that Latin American societies emphasize collectivist values at least as strongly as Confucian East Asian societies, but they emphasize most forms of independent self-construal at least as strongly as Western societies. We argue that these seemingly "anomalous" findings can be explained by societal differences in modes of subsistence (herding vs. rice farming), colonial histories (frontier settlement), cultural heterogeneity, religious heritage, and societal organization (relational mobility, loose norms, honor logic) and that they cohere with other indices of contemporary psychological culture. We conclude that the common view linking collectivist values with interdependent self-construal needs revision. Global cultures are diverse, and researchers should pay more attention to societies beyond "the West" and East Asia. Our contribution concurrently illustrates the value of learning from unexpected results and the crucial importance of exploratory research in psychological science.
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