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Reversal of the Upward Trend of Obesity in Boys, but Not in Girls, in Spain.

ABSTRACT: (1) Background: To compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity in boys and girls and to estimate socioeconomic differences associated with obesity in Spain in 1997, 2007, and 2017. (2) Methods: Data were drawn from national health interview surveys. For each year of study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was measured, and these results were compared by gender (boy/girl) and socioeconomic status (low/high education). (3) Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity rose from 1997 to 2007 but then fell in 2017 in all subgroups except in girls aged 10 to 15 years. In this group, there was a steady increase in the prevalence of both overweight (1997, 14.6%; 2007, 17.7%; 2017, 19.6%) and obesity (1.1, 3.2, and 3.7%, respectively). The decrease in prevalence of overweight in both sexes and of obesity in boys, along with the increase in prevalence of obesity in girls, was of a higher magnitude in children whose parents had a lower educational level. (4) Conclusions: The apparent turnaround in the obesity epidemic in Spain should be interpreted with caution. Children's body weight is influenced by both gender and socioeconomic status-considerations that should be kept in mind when designing health promotion interventions.

SUBMITTER: Albaladejo-Vicente R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7918759 | biostudies-literature | 2021 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Reversal of the Upward Trend of Obesity in Boys, but Not in Girls, in Spain.

Albaladejo-Vicente Romana R Villanueva-Orbaiz Rosa R Carabantes-Alarcon David D Santos-Sancho Juana J Jiménez-García Rodrigo R Jiménez-García Rodrigo R Regidor Enrique E

International journal of environmental research and public health 20210214 4

(1) Background: To compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity in boys and girls and to estimate socioeconomic differences associated with obesity in Spain in 1997, 2007, and 2017. (2) Methods: Data were drawn from national health interview surveys. For each year of study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was measured, and these results were compared by gender (boy/girl) and socioeconomic status (low/high education). (3) Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity rose from 19 ...[more]

PMID: 33672817

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Project description:ImportancePoor self-regulation in childhood is associated with increased risk of obesity. However, studies have assumed that greater self-regulation is associated with a lower obesity risk and have rarely examined differences in the association by sex.ObjectivesTo examine how different levels of toddler self-regulation are associated with the prevalence of obesity at kindergarten age and whether the pattern of association is different between boys and girls.Design, setting, and participantsThis was a prospective cohort study using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, a nationally representative sample of 10?700 US children born in 2001 and followed up through kindergarten entry (2006-2007). The analytic sample included 6400 children with observed toddler self-regulation. Data collection occurred in children's homes and consisted of a parent interview and direct assessment of the child. Data analysis took place between May 2016 and March 2018.ExposuresDuring a standardized, in-home, developmental assessment at 24 months of age, observers scored 4 dimensions of children's self-regulation: adaptability, attention, persistence, and frustration tolerance. Self-regulation scores ranging from a low of 4 to a high of 20 were grouped into quartiles.Main outcomes and measuresWith use of measured heights and weights at 5.5 years, obesity was defined as a body mass index for age in the 95th percentile or greater.ResultsThe analytic sample consisted of 6400 children (3250 boys [50.6%, weighted]), with a median age of 24.1 months (interquartile range, 23.4-24.7 months) and 64.5 months (interquartile range, 61.7-67.6 months) at the self-regulation and body mass index assessments, respectively. Self-regulation scores were lower for boys than for girls (mean, 13.7 [95% CI, 13.4-13.9] vs 14.9 [95% CI, 14.7-15.1]), and the lowest self-regulation quartile comprised more boys than girls (weighted percentages, 66.5% vs 33.5%). The prevalence of obesity at 5.5 years was 19.2% among boys and 16.5% among girls. The pattern of association between toddler self-regulation and obesity at 5.5 years was different for boys and girls (P?=?.008 for interaction). Among boys, the adjusted prevalence of obesity was 19.7%, 18.3%, 20.3%, and 15.9% from lowest to highest quartile of self-regulation. In contrast, among girls, there was a U-shaped association (adjusted prevalence of obesity from lowest to highest self-regulation quartile, 17.0%, 10.3%, 10.7%, and 15.0%).Conclusions and relevanceIn a large national cohort of US children, there were differences between boys and girls in the pattern of the association between self-regulation at 24 months and obesity at 5.5 years of age. Obesity prevention efforts aimed at improving self-regulation may have different results for girls and boys.

Dataset Information

Reversal of the Upward Trend of Obesity in Boys, but Not in Girls, in Spain.

Publications

Reversal of the Upward Trend of Obesity in Boys, but Not in Girls, in Spain.

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