Dataset Information

Thermostability enhancement and change in starch hydrolysis profile of the maltohexaose-forming amylase of Bacillus stearothermophilus US100 strain.

ABSTRACT: The implications of Asn315 and Val450 in the atypical starch hydrolysis profile of Bacillus stearothermophilus Amy (a-amylase) US100 have been suggested previously [Ben Ali, Mhiri, Mezghani and Bejar (2001) Enzyme Microb. Tech. 28, 537-542]. In order to confirm this hypothesis, three mutants were generated. Of these two have a single mutation, N315D or V450G, whereas the third contains both mutations. Analysis of the starch breakdown-profile of these three mutants, as well as of the wild-type, allowed us to conclude that each single mutation induces a small variation in the hydrolysis product. However, the major end product produced by the double mutant shifts from maltopentaose/maltohexaose to maltose/maltotriose, confirming the involvement of these two residues in starch hydrolysis. The superimposition of AmyUS100 model with that of Bacillus licheniformis shows in AmyUS100 an additional loop containing residues Ile214 and Gly215. Remarkably, the deletion of these two residues increases the half-life at 100 degrees C from 15 min to approx. 70 min. Moreover, this engineered amylase requires less calcium, 25 p.p.m. instead of 100 p.p.m., to reach maximal thermostability.

SUBMITTER: Ben Ali M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1386002 | biostudies-literature | 2006 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Thermostability enhancement and change in starch hydrolysis profile of the maltohexaose-forming amylase of Bacillus stearothermophilus US100 strain.

Ben Ali Mamdouh M Khemakhem Bassem B Robert Xavier X Haser Richard R Bejar Samir S

The Biochemical journal 20060201 Pt 1

The implications of Asn315 and Val450 in the atypical starch hydrolysis profile of Bacillus stearothermophilus Amy (a-amylase) US100 have been suggested previously [Ben Ali, Mhiri, Mezghani and Bejar (2001) Enzyme Microb. Tech. 28, 537-542]. In order to confirm this hypothesis, three mutants were generated. Of these two have a single mutation, N315D or V450G, whereas the third contains both mutations. Analysis of the starch breakdown-profile of these three mutants, as well as of the wild-type, a ...[more]

PMID: 16197365

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Project description:BackgroundOur laboratory has constructed a Bacillus stearothermophilus α-amylase (AmyS) derivative with excellent enzymatic properties. Bacillus subtilis is generally regarded as safe and has excellent protein secretory capability, but heterologous extracellular production level of B. stearothermophilus α-amylase in B. subtilis is very low.ResultsIn this study, the extracellular production level of B. stearothermophilus α-amylase in B. subtilis was enhanced by signal peptide optimization, chaperone overexpression and α-amylase mutant selection. The α-amylase optimal signal peptide (SPYojL) was obtained by screening 173 B. subtilis signal peptides. Although the extracellular α-amylase activity that was produced by the resulting recombinant strain was 3.5-fold greater than that of the control, significant quantities of inclusion bodies were detected. Overexpressing intracellular molecular chaperones significantly reduced inclusion body formation and further increased α-amylase activity. Error-prone PCR produced an amylase mutant K82E/S405R (AmySA) with enzymatic activity superior to that of AmyS. Expression of the amySA gene with the SPYojL while overexpressing molecular chaperones resulted in a 7.1-fold improvement in α-amylase activity. When the final expression strain (WHS11YSA) was cultivated in a 3-L fermenter for 92 h, the α-amylase activity of the culture supernatant was 9201.1 U mL-1, which is the highest level that has been reported to date.ConclusionsThis is the first report that describes an improvement of B. stearothermophilus α-amylase extracellular production levels in B. subtilis using these strategies, and this represents the highest extracellular production level ever reported for α-amylase from B. stearothermophilus in B. subtilis. This high-level production provides a basis for enhanced industrial production of α-amylase. These extracellular production level improvement approaches are also expected to be valuable in the expression of other enzymes in B. subtilis.

Project description:Starch digestion in the human body is typically viewed in a sequential manner beginning with ?-amylase and followed by ?-glucosidase to produce glucose. This report indicates that the two enzyme types can act synergistically to digest granular starch structure. The aim of this study was to investigate how the mucosal ?-glucosidases act with ?-amylase to digest granular starch. Two types of enzyme extracts, pancreatic and intestinal extracts, were applied. The pancreatic extract containing predominantly ?-amylase, and intestinal extract containing a combination of ?-amylase and mucosal ?-glucosidase activities, were applied to three granular maize starches with different amylose contents in an in vitro system. Relative glucogenesis, released maltooligosaccharide amounts, and structural changes of degraded residues were examined. Pancreatic extract-treated starches showed a hydrolysis limit over the 12 h incubation period with residues having a higher gelatinization temperature than the native starch. ?-Amylase combined with the mucosal ?-glucosidases in the intestinal extract showed higher glucogenesis as expected, but also higher maltooligosaccharide amounts indicating an overall greater degree of granular starch breakdown. Starch residues after intestinal extract digestion showed more starch fragmentation, higher gelatinization temperature, higher crystallinity (without any change in polymorph), and an increase of intermediate-sized or small-sized fractions of starch molecules, but did not show preferential hydrolysis of either amylose or amylopectin. Direct digestion of granular starch by mammalian recombinant mucosal ?-glucosidases was observed which shows that these enzymes may work either independently or together with ?-amylase to digest starch. Thus, mucosal ?-glucosidases can have a synergistic effect with ?-amylase on granular starch digestion, consistent with a role in overall starch digestion beyond their primary glucogenesis function.

Project description:The disproportionation activity of cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase (CGTase; EC 2.4.1.19) can be used to convert small molecules into glycosides, thereby enhancing their solubility and stability. However, CGTases also exhibit a competing hydrolysis activity. The +2 subsite of the substrate binding cleft plays an important role in both the disproportionation and hydrolysis activities, but almost all known mutations at this site decrease disproportionation activity. In this study, Leu277 of the CGTase from Bacillus stearothermophilus NO2, located near both the +2 subsite and the catalytic acid/base Glu253, was modified to assess the effect of side chain size at this position on disproportionation and hydrolysis activities. The best mutant, L277M, exhibited a reduced Km for the acceptor substrate maltose (0.48 mM versus 0.945 mM) and an increased kcat/Km (1,175 s-1 mM-1 versus 686.1 s-1 mM-1), compared with those of the wild-type enzyme. The disproportionation-to-hydrolysis ratio of L277M was 2.4-fold greater than that of the wild type. Existing structural data were combined with a multiple-sequence alignment and Gly282 mutations to examine the mechanism behind the effects of the Leu277mutations. The Gly282 mutations were included to aid a molecular dynamics (MD) analysis and the comparison of crystal structures. They reveal that changes to a hydrophobic cluster near Glu253 and the hydrophobicity of the +2 subsite combine to produce the observed effects. IMPORTANCE In this study, mutations that enhance the disproportionation to hydrolysis ratio of a CGTase have been discovered. For example, the disproportionation-to-hydrolysis ratio of the L277M mutant of Bacillus stearothermophilus NO2 CGTase was 2.4-fold greater than that of the wild type. The mechanism behind the effects of these mutations is explained. This paper opens up other avenues for future research into the disproportionation and hydrolysis activities of CGTases. Productive mutations are no longer limited to the acceptor subsite, since mutations that indirectly affect the acceptor subsite also enhance enzymatic activity.

Dataset Information

Thermostability enhancement and change in starch hydrolysis profile of the maltohexaose-forming amylase of Bacillus stearothermophilus US100 strain.

Publications

Thermostability enhancement and change in starch hydrolysis profile of the maltohexaose-forming amylase of Bacillus stearothermophilus US100 strain.

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