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Molecular determinants of S-glutathionylation of carbonic anhydrase 3.

ABSTRACT: Carbonic anhydrase 3 is easily S-glutathionylated in vivo and in vitro. The protein has two surface-exposed cysteine residues that can be modified. We found that Cys186 is more readily glutathionylated than Cys181. We studied a series of site-specific mutants to identify the residues that interact with Cys186 to make its thiol more reactive. We found that Lys211 is responsible for lowering the pKa of Cys186. We also found that two acidic residues, Asp188 and Glu212, interact with the thiol and actually decrease its reactivity. We speculate that conformational changes that alter the interaction with these three residues provide a mechanistic basis for modulation of the susceptibility of carbonic anhydrase 3 to glutathionylation.

SUBMITTER: Kim G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1578687 | biostudies-literature | 2005 Jul-Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Molecular determinants of S-glutathionylation of carbonic anhydrase 3.

Kim Geumsoo G Levine Rodney L RL

Antioxidants & redox signaling 20050701 7-8

Carbonic anhydrase 3 is easily S-glutathionylated in vivo and in vitro. The protein has two surface-exposed cysteine residues that can be modified. We found that Cys186 is more readily glutathionylated than Cys181. We studied a series of site-specific mutants to identify the residues that interact with Cys186 to make its thiol more reactive. We found that Lys211 is responsible for lowering the pKa of Cys186. We also found that two acidic residues, Asp188 and Glu212, interact with the thiol and a ...[more]

PMID: 15998239

Similar Datasets

Proton transport in carbonic anhydrase: Insights from molecular simulation.

Project description:This article reviews the insights gained from molecular simulations of human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) utilizing non-reactive and reactive force fields. The simulations with a reactive force field explore protein transfer and transport via Grotthuss shuttling, while the non-reactive simulations probe the larger conformational dynamics that underpin the various contributions to the rate-limiting proton transfer event. Specific attention is given to the orientational stability of the His64 group and the characteristics of the active site water cluster, in an effort to determine both of their impact on the maximal catalytic rate. The explicit proton transfer and transport events are described by the multistate empirical valence bond (MS-EVB) method, as are alternative pathways for the excess proton charge defect to enter/leave the active site. The simulation results are interpreted in light of experimental results on the wild-type enzyme and various site-specific mutations of HCA II in order to better elucidate the key factors that contribute to its exceptional efficiency.

| S-EPMC2818142 | biostudies-literature

carbonic anhydrase (1 or 2) simple or double mutants-Comparative transcriptome analysis between carbonic anhydrase mutants and wild type Arabidopsis

Project description:cea05-01_carbonic-anhydrase - carbonic anhydrase (1 or 2) simple or double mutants - Identification of genes differentially expressed in leaves of single CA1 and CA2 T-DNA insertional mutants and in the corresponding double mutant vs wild type - CA1 (At3g01500) and CA2 (At5g14740) T-DNA insertional mutant lines, the double (CA1+CA2) mutant and wild type Arabidopsis seeds were sown in soil in a phytotron. Leaves were harvested 40 days later for RNA extraction

2012-03-25 | GSE36625 | GEO

carbonic anhydrase (1 or 2) simple or double mutants-Comparative transcriptome analysis between carbonic anhydrase mutants and wild type Arabidopsis

2012-03-25 | E-GEOD-36625 | biostudies-arrayexpress

Structures of murine carbonic anhydrase IV and human carbonic anhydrase II complexed with brinzolamide: molecular basis of isozyme-drug discrimination.

Project description:Carbonic anhydrase IV (CAIV) is a membrane-associated enzyme anchored to plasma membrane surfaces by a phosphatidylinositol glycan linkage. We have determined the 2.8-angstroms resolution crystal structure of a truncated, soluble form of recombinant murine CAIV. We have also determined the structure of its complex with a drug used for glaucoma therapy, the sulfonamide inhibitor brinzolamide (Azopt). The overall structure of murine CAIV is generally similar to that of human CAIV; however, some local structural differences are found in the active site resulting from amino acid sequence differences in the "130's segment" and the residue-63 loop (these may affect the nearby catalytic proton shuttle, His-64). Similar to human CAIV, the C-terminus of murine CAIV is surrounded by a substantial electropositive surface potential that may stabilize the interaction with the phospholipid membrane. Binding interactions observed for brinzolamide rationalize the generally weaker affinity of inhibitors used in glaucoma therapy toward CAIV compared with CAII.

| S-EPMC2143946 | biostudies-other

Role of Carbonic Anhydrase in Cerebral Ischemia and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors as Putative Protective Agents.

Project description:Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The only pharmacological treatment available to date for cerebral ischemia is tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and the search for successful therapeutic strategies still remains a major challenge. The loss of cerebral blood flow leads to reduced oxygen and glucose supply and a subsequent switch to the glycolytic pathway, which leads to tissue acidification. Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is the enzyme responsible for converting carbon dioxide into a protons and bicarbonate, thus contributing to pH regulation and metabolism, with many CA isoforms present in the brain. Recently, numerous studies have shed light on several classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) as possible new pharmacological agents for the management of brain ischemia. In the present review we summarized pharmacological, preclinical and clinical findings regarding the role of CAIs in strokes and we discuss their potential protective mechanisms.

| S-EPMC8126098 | biostudies-literature

Innovative molecular diagnosis of Trichinella species based on ?-carbonic anhydrase genomic sequence.

Project description:Trichinellosis is a helminthic infection where different species of Trichinella nematodes are the causative agents. Several molecular assays have been designed to aid diagnostics of trichinellosis. These assays are mostly complex and expensive. The genomes of Trichinella species contain certain parasite-specific genes, which can be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. We selected ?-carbonic anhydrase (?-CA) gene as a target, because it is present in many parasites genomes but absent in vertebrates. We developed a novel ?-CA gene-based method for detection of Trichinella larvae in biological samples. We first identified a ?-CA protein sequence from Trichinella spiralis by bioinformatic tools using ?-CAs from Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. Thereafter, 16 sets of designed primers were tested to detect ?-CA genomic sequences from three species of Trichinella, including T. spiralis, Trichinella pseudospiralis and Trichinella nativa. Among all 16 sets of designed primers, the primer set No. 2 efficiently amplified ?-CA genomic sequences from T. spiralis, T. pseudospiralis and T. nativa without any false-positive amplicons from other parasite samples including Toxoplasma gondii, Toxocara cati and Parascaris equorum. This robust and straightforward method could be useful for meat inspection in slaughterhouses, quality control by food authorities and medical laboratories.

| S-EPMC4767284 | biostudies-literature

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase XII from Pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes).

Project description:In this study, an 1888-bp carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) sequence was cloned from the brain of the pufferfish, Takifugu rubripes. The cloned sequence contained a coding region of 1470-bp, which was predicted to translate into a protein of 490 amino acid residues. The predicted protein showed between 68-56% identity with the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus) CA XII proteins. It also exhibited 36% and 53% identity with human CA II and CA XII, respectively. The cloned sequence contained a 22 amino acid NH₂-terminal signal sequence and three Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr sequons, among which one was potentially glycosylated. Four cysteine residues were also identified (Cys-21, Cys-201, Cys-355, and Cys-358), two of which (Cys-21 and Cys-201) could potentially form a disulfide bond. A 22-amino acid COOH-terminal cytoplasmic tail containing a potential site for phosphorylation by protein kinase A was also found. The cloned sequence might be a transmembrane protein, as predicted from in silico and phylogenetic analyses. The active site analysis of the predicted protein showed that its active site residues were highly conserved with tilapia CA XII protein. Homology modeling of the pufferfish CA XII was done using the crystal structure of the extracellular domain of human carbonic anhydrase XII at 1.55 Å resolution as a template. Semi-quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, quantitative PCR (q-PCR), and in situ hybridization confirmed that pufferfish CA XII is highly expressed in the brain.

| S-EPMC5877703 | biostudies-literature

Non-Classical Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase.

Project description:Specific isoforms from the carbonic anhydrase (CA) family of zinc metalloenzymes have been associated with a variety of diseases. Isoform-specific carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) are therefore a major focus of attention for specific disease treatments. Classical CAIs, primarily sulfonamide-based compounds and their bioisosteres, are examined as antiglaucoma, antiepileptic, antiobesity, antineuropathic pain and anticancer compounds. However, many sulfonamide compounds inhibit all CA isoforms nonspecifically, diluting drug effectiveness and causing undesired side effects due to off-target inhibition. In addition, a small but significant percentage of the general population cannot be treated with sulfonamide-based compounds due to a sulfa allergy. Therefore, CAIs must be developed that are not only isoform specific, but also non-classical, i.e. not based on sulfonamides, sulfamates, or sulfamides. This review covers the classes of non-classical CAIs and the recent advances in the development of isoform-specific inhibitors based on phenols, polyamines, coumarins and their derivatives.

| S-EPMC4964523 | biostudies-literature

Dispensabilities of carbonic anhydrase in proteobacteria.

Project description:Carbonic anhydrase (CA) (E.C. 4.2.1.1) is a ubiquitous enzyme catalysing interconversion between CO(2) and bicarbonate. The irregular distribution of the phylogenetically distinct classes of CA in procaryotic genome suggests its complex evolutionary history in procaryotes. Genetic evidence regarding the dispensability of CA under high-CO(2) air in some model organisms indicates that CA-deficient microorganisms can persist in the natural environment by choosing high-CO(2) niches. In this study, we studied the distribution of CA in the genome of Proteobacteria. While a large majority of the genome-sequenced Proteobacteria retained a CA gene(s), intracellular bacterial genera such as Buchnera and Rickettsia contained CA-defective strains. Comparison between CA-retaining and CA- deficient genomes showed the absence of whole coding sequence in some strains and the presence of frameshifted coding sequence in other strains. The evidence suggests that CA is inactivated and lost in some proteobacteria during the course of evolution based on its dispensability.

| S-EPMC3364446 | biostudies-literature

Dioxygen, an unexpected carbonic anhydrase ligand.

Project description:Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are ubiquitous metalloenzymes, grouped into seven different classes, which catalyze the reaction of CO2 hydration to bicarbonate and protons. All of the fifteen human isoforms reported to date belong to the α-class and contain zinc as a cofactor. The structure of human Zn,Cu-CA II has been solved which contains a copper ion bound at its N-terminal, coordinated to His4 and His64. In the active site a dioxygen molecule is coordinated to the zinc ion. Since dioxygen is a rather unexpected CA ligand, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed which suggested a superoxide character of the zinc bound O2.

| S-EPMC6010096 | biostudies-literature

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